L 


UNDER  THE  CARS 
OP  TH  C 

Board  of 

Foreign  tDi$$ion$ 
of  the 

Presbyterian 

Church 


Historical 
Sketch  ?L£ 
missions  in 
South 
America 


Seventh  Edition 

(rcviscd) 


The  Uloman’s  foreign 
missionary  Society  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church, 
lUitherspoon  Building. 
Philadelphia  : 1917 


Price,  10  Cents 


: ^ V ' . . I- 

^ , 


• '■  £1  1 . ’I-  * 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


^4 


https://archive.org/details/historicalsketchOOwoma_0 


UNDER  THE  CARE 

OF  TH  E 

Board  of 

Foreign  Hlissions 
of  the 

Presbyterian 

Church 

Historical 
Sketch "" 
IDissions  in 
South 
/Imerica 

Seventh  Edition 

( R evi  s ed) 

The  UJoman's  Toreign 
tDissionary  Society  of 

the  Presbyterian  Church, 
Ulitherspoon  Building, 
Philadelphia  : 1917 

{JOUTH  AMEMCA 


C4J?i  iJC'Kl?.']' 


> BRITISH 


sfSs^  -r 


i>UTrH  .TRITCB' 
OtriAHA.  f«3MK^ 


yavi<^ 


IruxUlf^ 


'■^'<i'nan/trt,f; , 


t»va2 


>tr»cr^ 


ChOC^* 


'■ievrn 


n,i 

l-IjiijRGEN'SraE 

ruS  REPVBl.lbg, 


LVfiTXin*?*? 


Euenos  Ayres 


Concei 


I'itlili*-: 


a«iniW 

^rcH* 


IVrtItefWv! 


fi/r(.  •’ilar/r’ 


,o£ 


^^»C-a^)eHtir|i 


SOUTH  AMERICA 


South  America,  a triangular  peninsula  4,700  miles  long 
and  over  3,000  miles  w'ide,  stretches  from  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  12°  north  latitude,  to  Cape  Horn,  56°  south  latitude. 
It  is  nearly  twice  the  size  of  Europe,  including  in  its  area 
about  7,000,000  square  miles,  one-eighth  the  land  surface  of 
the  globe,  with  a coast  line  of  19,000  miles.  It  is  divided  into 
fourteen  countries,  the  smallest  of  which — Uruguay — is  twice 
the  size  of  Ireland.  The  population  of  about  55,000,000  is 
composed  of  a mixed  people  of  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Indian 
and  Negro  blood. 

It  is  remarkable  for  its  lofty  mountains  and  noble  rivers. 
The  Orinoco  is  greater  than  the  Ganges,  the  Rio  de  la  Plata 
is  2,200  miles  long,  and  the  Amazon,  with  its  25,000  miles 
of  navigable  course  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  foot  of 
the  Andes,  affords  with  its  tributaries  a matchless  network 
of  water-way.  The  Andes  extend  4,500  miles  along  the  entire 
western  coast,  with  peaks  of  extraordinary  height. 

Within  this  extended  territory  we  find  every  variety  of 
climate,  varied  and  luxuriant  vegetation,  rich  stores  of  mineral 
wealth — a land  on  which  Nature  has  lavished  her  best  gifts. 

Discovered  by  Columbus  on  his  third  voyage  to  the  New 
World  in  1498,  South  America  was  claimed  as  a Spanish 
possession,  and  in  consequence  occupied  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Although  her ! monarchies  are  now  trans- 
formed into  Republics,  the  blighting  effects  of  nearly  four 
hundred  years  of  undisputed  Papal  sway  are  everywhere 
evident  in  the  retarded  development  of  the  country,  and  the 
apathy,  superstition  and  almost  pagan  ignorance  in  spiritual 
things. 

In  this  vast  field  the  Presbyterian  Board  has  missions  in 
only  four  of  the  fourteen  countries — Brazil,  Chili,  Colombia 
and  Venezuela. 


4 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Brazil 


Brazil,  the  only  monarchy  in  America  for  many  years, 
became  a Republic  in  1889.  It  occupies  nearly  one-half  of 
South  America,  and  contains  more  than  one-half  of  its  arable 
land.  Lying  between  4°  north  and  33°  south  latitude,  nearly 
the  whole  territory  is  within  the  Torrid  Zone.  It  is  over 
2,600  miles  long  and  2,500  broad,  and  has  a coast  line  of  4,000 
miles.  The  area  is  3,220,000  square  miles;  it  is  a little  larger 
than  the  United  States,  without  Alaska. 

Brazil  is  naturally  divided  into  three  distinct  regions:  the 
lowlands  along  the  coast,  where  are  grand  harbors  and  large 
cities;  the  middle  section,  which  has  magnificent  and  fertile 
plateaus  formed  by  abrupt  mountain  ranges  on  the  eastern 
side,  watered  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Amazon  and  those  of 
the  River  la  Plata;  and  the  vast  and  unexplored  forest  region 
of  the  west.  The  climate  is  varied.  Within  the  tropics,  the 
extreme  heat  is  accompanied  in  some  parts  by  great  humidity; 
but  on  the  table-land  the  heat  is  modified  by  pure  and  refresh- 
ing breezes,  and  back  on  the  mountain  slopes  one  may  dwell 
in  perpetual  spring.  The  table-lands  and  hillsides,  with 
unrivalled  navigable  streams  for  internal  communication  and 
commerce,  naturally  fit  it  for  agricultural  purposes.  There 
are  no  active  volcanoes,  and  earthquakes  are  very  rare. 

Brazil  is  probably  unsurpassed  in  fertility,  in  climate,  and 
in  variety  of  useful  natural  products — coflee,  sugar,  cotton, 
India  rubber,  cocoa,  rice,  maize,  manioc,  bananas,  beans, 
yams,  ginger,  lemons,  oranges,  figs,  cocoanuts,  etc.  There 
are  herds  of  wild  cattle  on  the  plains,  game  in  the  woods,  and 
fish  in  the  waters,  vast  forests  of  rare  growth  and  variety, 
wood  of  great  excellence  and  beauty  for  all  kinds  of  cabinet 
work,  timber  and  lumber  for  all  building  purposes.  Gold, 
silver,  iron,  lead  and  precious  stones  are  abundant;  indeed, 
the  field  for  diamonds  is  one  of  the  richest  in  the  world.  But 
the  vast  wealth  of  the  State  is  found,  not  in  her  rich  stores  of 
precious  minerals  and  metals,  but  in  her  fruitful  soil  and 
exports  of  tropical  productions.  Her  traffic  in  sugar  and 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


5 


coffee  amounts  to  more  in  a single  year  than  all  the  diamonds 
gathered  within  this  century. 

The  population  is  estimated  at  22,000,000,  including 
2,300,000  full-blood  Negroes  and  about  1,000,000  Indians. 
There  are  nearly  3,000,000  whites  of  more  or  less  pure  Por- 
tuguese blood,  and  about  as  many  white  immigrants,  mostly 
from  Southern  Europe,  who  have  settled  in  the  southern 
extra-tropical  States.  The  Negroes  are  mostly  found  in  the 
N.  E.  Atlantic  States,  the  Indians  in  the  unsettled  interior; 
while  the  mass  of  the  population  everywhere  consists  of  a 
mixture  of  these  three  elements  in  every  imaginable  propor- 
tion. 

The  Portuguese  language  closely  resembles  the  Spanish. 
Mr.  Blackford,  of  the  Brazil  Mission,  says:  “It  is  a beautiful 
language,  and  has  been  appropriately  styled  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Latin.  It  is  compact,  expressive,  flexible  and 
well  adapted  for  oratory  and  literature.” 

During  the  monarchy,  education  in  Brazil  was  very 
deficient;  notwithstanding  the  Emperor’s  enlightened  views 
and  policy,  in  1874  only  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  children 
were  being  educated.  Since  the  establishment  of  the  Repub- 
lic, there  has  been  marked  progress  in  educational  reform, 
and  the  people  are  eager  to  accept  every  advantage  for  the 
education  of  their  children. 

Brazil  was  accidentally  discovered  by  Vincente  Yanes 
Pincon,  a companion  of  Columbus,  May  3,  1500,  and  was  first 
colonized  by  the  Portuguese  in  1531. 

From  1531  to  1822,  Brazil  was  a province  of  Portugal, 
and  was  governed  by  a ruler  from  the  mother  country. 
“When  Portugal  was  invaded  by  the  French  in  1807,  the 
sovereign  of  that  kingdom,  John  VI,  sailed  for  Brazil, 
accompanied  by  his  family  and  court.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
he  placed  the  administration  on  a better  footing,  threw  open 
the  ports  to  all  nations,  and  improved  the  condition  of  the 
country  generally.  On  the  fall  of  Bonaparte,  the  king 
raised  Brazil  to  the  rank  of  a kingdom,  and  assumed  the 
title  of  King  of  Portugal,  Algarve  and  Brazil.  A revolution 
in  1820  led  the  king  to  return  to  Portugal,  and  he  left 
Pedro,  his  eldest  son,  as  regent.  In  1822.  Dom  Pedro,  forced 


6 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


by  a desire  on  the  part  of  the  Brazilians  for  complete  inde- 
pendence, and  not  wishing  the  control  of  Brazil  to  go  outside 
of  his  family,  declared  Brazil  a free  and  independent  State, 
assumed  the  title  of  Emperor,  and  was  recognized  by  the 
King  of  Portugal  in  1825.  A series  of  disturbances  and 
general  dissatisfaction  throughout  the  empire  ended  in  the 
abdication  of  Dom  Pedro  I,  who  left  Brazil  April  7,  1831, 
leaving  a son  who  was  under  age  as  his  successor.  The  rights 
of  the  latter  were  recognized  and  protected  and  a regency  of 
three  persons  was  appointed  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  to 
conduct  the  government  during  his  minority.  In  1840  the 
young  Emperor  was  declared  of  age,  being  then  in  his 
fifteenth  year,  and  was  crowned  July  18,  1841,”  as  Dom  Pedro 
II.  In  1866,  Dom  Pedro  emancipated  the  slaves  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  in  1871  the  Legislature  authorized  a bill,  the 
effect  of  which  would  be  gradual  emancipation  throughout 
the  empire.  Freedom  was  proclaimed  to  all  in  1888. 

In  1876  the  Emperor  visited  the  L'nited  States  of  America 
and  attended  the  great  Exposition  in  Philadelphia,  saw  our 
schools  and  our  manufactories,  studied  our  institutions  and 
civilization  generally,  and  returned  to  apply  his  acquirements 
for  the  nation’s  good.  The  whole  country  made  a decided 
advance  during  his  reign. 

In  i860  the  population  of  Brazil  was  9,000,000,  including 
more  than  1,000,000  Negro  slaves,  but  excluding  Indians; 
religious  tolerance  existed  only  in  name;  the  Roman  Church 
was  a department  of  State,  and  Jesuits  controlled  education, 
hospitals  and  public  charities;  communication  with  the  inte- 
rior was  by  mule-back;  there  were  only  sixty  miles  of  railroad; 
two  monthly  steamers  and  a few  sailing  vessels  afforded  the 
only  communication  with  Europe;  the  postage  of  a letter  to 
the  United  States  was  forty-five  cents,  and  the  time  forty-five 
days.  Now  the  population  has  more  than  doubled;  there  are 
more  than  10,000  miles  of  railway,  12,000  more  of  telegraph, 
two  trans--\tlantic  cables,  and  twelve  lines  of  trans-Atlantic 
steamers. 

Ou  November  15-  1889,  occurred  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able revolutions  known  in  history;  the  monarchy  was  over- 
turned with  little  ojiposition  and  no  bloodshed,  the  Emperor 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


7 


and  imperial  family  were  e>vilecl,  Brazil  was  proclaimed  a 
republic,  and  the  people  quietly  accepted  the  decrees  of  the 
Provisional  Government. 

One  year  later  the  Brazilian  Constitution,  modelled  upon 
that  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  adopted,  a new 
President  and  Cabinet  elected,  and  the  government  of  the 
United  States  of  Brazil  established  on  a sure  basis.  The 
new  constitution  authorizes  “separation  of  Church  and  State; 
secularity  of  public  cemeteries;  the  right  of  civil  marriage, 
and  religious  liberty.”  All  religious  denominations  have 
equally  the  right  to  liberty  of  worship. 

In  1893-6  an  attempt  to  overthrow  the  Republic  was 
made  by  monarchical  sympathizers,  backed  by  the  priests.  It 
was  frustrated  by  the  energy  of  the  government  leaders  after 
a severe  struggle,  but  the  resulting  political  and  financial 
unrest  was  long  continued. 

The  most  important  fact  in  the  current  history  of  Brazil 
is  the  extraordinary  influx  of  immigrants.  Germans,  Italians, 
Portuguese,  Syrians,  Spaniards  from  Spain  and  the  Philip- 
pines are  pouring  in  so  that  the  population  is  becoming  almost 
as  heterogeneous  as  that  of  the  United  States.  New  activity 
is  manifest  on  the  part  of  the  Roman  priesthood,  reinforced 
by  many  members  of  the  religious  orders  driven  from  France 
and  the  Philippines.  Nevertheless  the  opening  of  the  doors 
is  wider  than  ever  before,  and  the  pure  Gospel  may  be 
preached  and  taught  with  absolute  freedom. 

PROTESTANT  MISSIONS  IN  BRAZIL. 

The  first  effort  to  evangelize  Brazil  was  made  by  a colony 
of  the  persecuted  Huguenots  of  France,  under  the  protection 
of  Admiral  Coligny.  They  sailed  from  Havre  de  Grace  in 
1555,  to  what  is  now  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  settled 
on  the'  island  of  Villegagnon.  Calvin  and  his  friends  at 
Geneva  sent  them  religious  teachers;  but  the  colony  was 
short-lived.  Persecution  did  its  work,  and  some  returned, 
some  were  put  to  death,  and  others  fled  to  the  Indians. 

“Amongst  the  latter  was  one  named  Jean  de  Boileau,  who  is 
noted,  even  in  the  annals  of  the  Jesuits,  as  a man  of  considerable 


8 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


learning,  being  well  versed  in  both  Greek  and  Hebrew.  Escaping  from 
Villegagnon,  Jean  de  Boileau  went  to  St.  Vincente,  near  the  present 
site  of  Santos,  the  chief  seaport  of  the  province  of  Sao  Paulo;  the 
earliest  Portuguese  settlement  in  that  part  of  the  country,  and  where 
the  Jesuits  had  a colony  of  Indians  catechised  according  to  their  mode. 
According  to  the  Jesuit  chroniclers  themselves,  the  Huguenot  minister 
preached  with  such  boldness,  eloquence,  erudition,  that  he  was  likely 
to  pervert,  as  they  term  it,  great  numbers  of  their  adepts.  Unable  to 
withstand  him  by  arguments,  they  resorted  to  Rome’s  ever-favorite 
reasoning,  and  caused  him  to  be  arrested,  with  several  of  his  compan- 
ions. Jean  de  Boileau  was  taken  to  Bahia,  about  a thousand  miles 
distant,  where  he  lay  in  prison  eight  years.  V'hen,  in  1567,  the  Portu- 
guese finally  succeeded  in  expelling  the  French  from  that  part  of  iheir 
dominions,  the  governor,  Mem  de  Sa,  sent  for  the  Huguenot  prisoner, 
and  had  him  put  to  death  on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  in  order,  it  was  said,  to  terrify  his  countrymen,  if  any  of  them 
should  be  lurking  in  those  parts.  The  Jesuits  boast  that  Anchieta,  their 
great  apostle  in  Brazil,  succeeded  in  winning  the  heretic  to  the  papal 
faith  on  the  eve  of  his  execution,  and  then  helped  the  hangman  dispatch 
him  as  quickly  as  possible,  so  as  to  hurry  him  off  to  glory  before  he 
could  have  time  to  recant.” — Sketch  of  Brasil  Mission,  by  Rev.  A L. 
Blackford. 

From  1624  to  1654,  the  Dutch  settled  along  the  northern 
coast  and  did  some  mission  work  among  the  Indians,  but  the 
work  ceased  with  the  expulsion  of  the  Dutch. 

In  1836  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  the  United 
States  sent  the  Rev.  Mr.  Spaulding  to  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The 
Rev.  D.  P.  Kidder  was  associated  with  him  in  1838-1840.  In 
1842  the  mission  was  given  up. 

About  1851  Rev.  J.  C.  Fletcher  was  sent  to  Rio  by  the 
American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union,  and  the  Seamen’s 
h'riend  Society,  but  he  remained  only  a short  time. 

Dr.  Kalley,  a pious  Scotch  physician,  went  to  Rio  de 
Janeiro  in  1855  and  began  an  independent  work  of  circulating 
the  Bible  and  preaching.  His  labors  resulted  in  two  inde- 
pendent Protestant  churches,  one  in  Rio  and  the  other  in 
Pernambuco.* 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States 
maintained  a missionary  in  Brazil  from  i860  to  1864.  In  1889 
thev  renew'ed  the  mission  and  occupy  the  State  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  They  have  also  a missionary  in  Rio. 

*A  society  in  Scotland.  “Help  for  Brazil.”  was  formed  to  assist  Dr.  Kalley’s 
work,  and  supports  several  missionaries  in  Rio  and  Pernambuco.  Several  other 
societies  have  from  time  to  time  sent  workers  to  Brazil.  See  “Protestant  ^fissions 
in  South  America.” 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


9 


The  first  missionaries  of  the  Southern  Presbyterians 
fU.  S.)  came  to  Brazil  in  1869,  and  began  their  work  at 
Campinas.  Their  stations  are  in  the  States  of  Minas,  Sao 
Paulo,  and  Pernambuco. 

The  Methodist  Church  (South)  began  work  in  1876,  and 
are  located  in  the  States  of  Rio,  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo. 

A representath’e  of  the  Northern  Methodists  has  labored 
for  some  years  at  Para. 

The  Southern  Baptists  (1881)  are  working  in  Pernam- 
buco, Bahia,  Rio  and  Sao  Paulo. 

The  South  American  Evangelical  Mission  (Liverpool) 
reports  eighteen  workers  in  Brazil,  with  work  in  the  States  of 
Sao  Paulo,  Minas  Geraes,  Goyaz  and  Matto  Grosso. 

Among  the  most  efficient  pioneers  in  the  missionary  work 
in  Brazil,  as  well  as  all  over  South  America,  have  been  the 
Bible  Societies,  British  and  American.  Their  agents  travel 
throughout  the  continent  from  Cape  Horn  to  Darien,  un- 
deterred by  persecution,  imprisonment  or  even  death,  circu- 
lating the  Word  of  God.  Since  the  establishment  of  their 
work,  at  least  1,000,000  copies  of  the  Bible,  in  whole  or  in 
part,  have  been  distributed  in  Brazil  alone.  Evangelists  have 
repeatedly  found  in  remote  places  groups  of  Bible  Christians, 
eager  to  welcome  the  preacher  of  the  truth  which  they  have 
learned  by  reading. 

Rev.  Hubert  Brown  says; 

“Most  of  the  colporteurs  are  natives ; many  are  simple-hearted 

men  of  little  education With  little  machinery  and  small  outlay, 

this  magnificent  business  enterprise  is  carried  on,  and  as  fast  as  one 
laborer  drops  from  the  ranks,  another  takes  his  place.  On  a trip 
through  the  mountain  or  river  valleys,  along  the  tropical  seacoast,  or 
over  the  high,  bleak  tablelands,  we  missionaries  meet  these  men  with 
their  packs,  on  horseback  or  afoot,  always  cheerful,  taking  what  is 
offered  in  bed  or  board,  with  Bibles  or  portions  adapted  to  any  purse, 
and  in  type  for  eyes  yet  keen  or  eyes  that  are  failing.  Thus  they  sow 
the  seed,  trusting  God  to  give  the  increase.”  * 


Latin  America,  Hubert  W.  Brown,  p.  igg. 


lO 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


PRESBYTERIAN  MISSIONS. 

The  history  of  Presbyterian  work  in  Brazil  falls  naturally 
into  two  parts.  Begun  just  before  the  outbreak  of  our  own 
Civil  War,  it  was  carried  on  during  the  early  years  with  small 
means  and  an  insufficient  force.  Yet  the  blessing  of  God 
followed  earnest  effort,  and  in  spite  of  all  obstacles  a real 
and  constant  grow'th  was  manifest. 

After  twenty-eight  years  of  work  on  the  foundations,  a 
new  period  began  for  the  Brazilian  Church.  In  1888  the  mis- 
sions of  the  Northern  and  Southern  Presbyterian  Churches 
of  the  United  States  were  united  to  form  the  Synod  of  Brazil. 
Thirty-four  churches  were  connected  with  our  Mission  and 
eighteen  with  that  of  the  Southern  Church,  making  in  all 
fifty-two  churches,  which  were  divided  into  four  Presbyteries. 
This  Synod  met  every  three  years,  and  was  entirely  inde- 
pendent, having  no  relation  to  General  Assemblies  in  the 
United  States. 

It  will  be  recognized  that  such  an  arrangement  called  for 
great  wisdom  and  forbearance  on  all  sides.  As  years  went 
on  many  perplexing  questions  arose,  and  the  growing  diver- 
gence of  opinion,  not  on  matters  of  doctrine,  but  of  policy  and 
practical  methods,  became  so  acute  that  in  1903  seven  minis- 
ters and  nine  elders,  with  a large  number  of  followers,  with- 
drew from  the  Synod  and  formed  an  independent  Presby- 
terian Church.  This  unfortunate  schism,  with  its  inevitable 
accompaniment  of  strife  and  bitterness,  has  greatly  retarded 
the  growth  of  the  Brazilian  churches,  especially  in  the  State 
of  Sao  Paulo,  where  the  prospects  were  brightest  and  the 
opportunity  greatest. 

Both  the  Svnod  and  the  Independents  have  grown  since 
the  division.  The  former  has  now  two  Synods,  with  8 Pres- 
byteries, 120  organized  churches,  and  15,000  members. 

The  Independent  Synod  has  3 Presbyteries,  14  ministers 
and  8,000  members.  The  constant  wish  and  prayer  of  the 
friends  of  Brazil  is  that  the  breach  may  be  healed  and  the 
Church  reunited. 

The  first  General  Assembly  of  the  Brazilian  Church  met 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


II 


at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  January,  1910.  The  meeting  was  marked 
by  a spirit  of  great  earnestness  and  intense  desire  for  the 
spread  of  Christ’s  Kingdom.  The  Moderator,  Rev.  Alvaro 
Reis,  pastor  of  the  church  in  Rio,  was  appointed  to  attend  the 
General  Assemblies  of  the  two  Presbyterian  Churches  in  the 
United  States,  and  request  them  to  send  more  missionaries  to 
Brazil. 

The  purpose  of  the  missions  is  to  co-operate  as  effectively 
as  possible  with  the  Brazilian  Church,  in  evangelizing  the 
country.  The  pioneer  work  in  opening  new  fields  and  organ- 
izing churches  is  done  by  them.  As  soon  as  the  churches  can 
be  supplied  with  pastors  and  provide  their  own  support,  the 
missionaries  are  released  for  further  pioneering. 

The  Theological  Seminary,  formerly  at  Sao  Paulo,  is  now 
located  at  Campinas.  There  are  three  professors:  Dr.  J.  R. 
Smith,  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Mission;  Prof.  Braga, 
supported  by  the  Synod,  and  Rev.  T.  J.  Porter,  of  our  own 
Mission.  Except  for  the  salaries  of  the  two  missionary  pro- 
fessors, the  Seminary  is  supported  by  the  Brazilian  Church, 
which  has  done  more  than  any  church  connected  with  our 
missions  for  the  training  of  its  own  ministry. 

The  work  of  our  Church  is  now  organized  in  two  mis- 
sions: the  South  Brazil  Mission,  in  the  States  of  Rio,  Sao 
Paulo,  Parana,  Santa  Catherina,  and  Matto  Grosso;  and  the 
Central  Brazil  Mission,  in  the  States  of  Bahia,  Sergipe,  and 
North  Minas. 

THE  SOUTH  BRAZIL  MISSION. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  the  metropolis  of  Brazil, 
RIO  DE  JANEIRO,  with  a present  population  of  nearly  a mil- 
lion, now  the  capital  of  the  Republic  and 
seat  of  the  National  Parliament,  was  wisely  chosen  as  the 
centre  of  the  missionary  operations  inaugurated  by  our  Board 
in  i860. 

The  first  missionary  was  the  Rev.  Ashbel  Green  Simon- 
ton,  a man  peculiarly  qualified  for  the  pioneer  missionary 
work,  from  his  scholarly  attainments,  gentle  manners,  sturdy 
and  sterling  Christian  character.  He  was  always  deservedly 


12 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


popular  with  Brazilians,  and  to  his  wisdom  and  faithful  founda- 
tion work  the  success  of  the  Brazil  Mission  is  largely  due. 

In  the  following  year  Mr.  Simonton  was  joined  by  his 
brother-in-law,  the  Rev.  A.  L.  Blackford,  who  afterward  took 
up  the  work  in  Sao  Paulo,  whence  he  returned  to  Rio  upon 
Mr.  Simonton’s  death  in  1867. 

From  the  beginning,  the  two  principal  lines  of  missionary 
activity  in  the  city  of  Rio  have  been  the  pulpit  and  the  press. 
As  soon  as  he  was  able  to  speak  Portuguese  with  some  facility, 
]\Ir.  Simonton  began  preaching  in  a small  third-story  room 
in  the  centre  of  the  city,  his  first  audience  consisting  of  two 
men,  who  had  been  his  pupils  in  English.  From  that  small 
beginning  the  work  has  increased,  until  now  it  is  self-sustain- 
ing, and  large  audiences  gather  every  Sabbath  in  the  beautiful 
stone  church,  capable  of  accommodating  some  700  people,  in 
tbe  very  centre  of  the  city.  There  are  always  a number  of 
strangers  present  at  the  services,  and  in  many  cases  those 
from  far-distant  provinces,  having  come  to  Rio  upon  business 
or  in  attendance  upon  the  Parliament,  have  thus  heard  the 
truth  and  carried  the  news  of  the  Gospel  to  their  far-away 
homes.  The  Rev.  Alvaro  Reis  is  now  the  pastor. 

At  the  very  outset  of  his  work,  as  a means  of  reaching 
the  public,  Mr.  Simonton  commenced  the  publication  of  a 
weekly  religious  journal,  called  the  Imprcnsa  Evangclica,  or 
“Evangelic  Press,”  which  became  a powerful  instrument  for 
good.  Frequent  instances  are  recorded  of  individual  con- 
versions and  even  of  churches  established  through  its  instru- 
mentality. ]\Iost  of  the  evangelical  literature  in  circulation 
was  also  published  here  and  sent  from  the  Mission  book  store 
to  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Among  those  afterward  stationed  at  Rio  were  the  Rev. 
Messrs.  Schneider,  A^anorden,  Hazlett,  Houston,  Kyle  and 
Rodgers.  Four  young  Brazilians,  trained  by  Mr.  Simonton 
and  his  associates,  were  ordained  to  the  ministry  and  did 
good  service  to  the  infant  Church.  At  different  times  three 
converted  priests  have  been  connected  with  the  church  in  Rio 
and  have  taken  more  or  less  prominent  part  in  the  religious 
work. 

On  the  death  of  Mr.  Simonton,  his  work  was  taken  up  by 


THE  illSSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


13 


Rev.  George  \V.  Chamberlain,  a man  of  fervent  spirit  and 
wonderful  energy,  who  was  spared  for  nearly  forty  years  of 
dauntless  service.  The  story  of  his  life  would  be  the  whole 
history  of  our  Brazilian  Mission.  In  every  phase  of  the  work, 
in  every  part  of  the  country,  his  burning  zeal  and  heroic  cour- 
age were  felt.  Scorning  threats  and  persecution,  he  traveled 
everywhere  preaching  the  Word.  He  built  churches  and 
founded  schools,  giving  lavishly  of  his  own  means  and  inspir- 
ing others  to  give.  His  life  was  devoted  to  Brazil,  and  when 
he  knew  that  death  was  near,  he  asked  to  be  carried  back  to 
Bahia,  that  he  might  die  there  among  the  people  whom  he 
loved. 

The  Rev.  J.  IM.  Kyle,  who  for  some  years 
NOVA  FRIBURGO.  was  pastor  of  a church  in  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

removed  in  1891  to  Nova  Friburgo,  a 
health  resort  in  the  mountains,  about  forty  miles  east  of  Rio. 
From  this  point  as  a centre,  availing  himself  of  the  facilities 
afforded  by  the  Leopoldina  R.  R.,  wFich  extends  1,200  miles 
into  the  interior.  Dr.  Kyle  did  itinerant  W'Ork  in  the  neighbor- 
ing portions  of  the  States  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Minas,  having 
also  under  his  charge  the  church  of  Campos.  During  the  tw'O 
years  when  the  Synodical  Seminary  was  located  tentatively  at 
Nova  FriburgOj  Dr.  Kyle,  associated  wdth  the  Rev.  J.  R. 
Smith,  D.  D.,  taught  the  half-dozen  Brazilian  youths  who 
came  there  for  instruction.  In  addition  to  his  other  work. 
Dr.  Kyle  made  important  additions  to  the  Protestant  the- 
ological literature  of  Brazil.  Barrow’s  “Biblical  Interpreta- 
tion,” Hodge’s  “Outlines  of  Theologv’,”  and  other  works  were 
translated  by  him  or  under  his  direction,  and  published  by 
funds  secured  through  his  efforts.  In  1898  a series  of  evan- 
gelistic meetings,  held  by  Rev.  Alvaro  Reis,  of  Rio,  resulted 
in  a spiritual  awakening  by  which  the  whole  city  was  stirred. 
A church  of  thirty-six  members  was  organized,  which  has 
grown  steadily.  Since  Dr.  Kyle  left,  in  1908,  no  missionary 
has  resided  at  Nova  Friburgo. 

The  city  of  Sao  Paulo  is  the  capital  of  the  State 
SAG  PAULO,  of  Sao  Paulo.  It  w’as  first  occupied  by  Rev.  A. 

L.  Blackford  in  1863.  At  that  time  it  was  a city 
of  from  15,000  to  20,000  inhabitants,  without  railways,  gas  or 


14 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


any  of  the  appointments  of  modern  civilized  communities. 
To-day  it  has  500,000  inhabitants  and  is  a great  railway  centre. 
It  has  daily  railway  service  to  Rio,  300  miles  distant,  and 
several  trains  a day  to  Santos,  the  seaport,  forty-five  miles 
away;  and  is  sujiplied  with  gas,  electric  lights,  water,  street 
cars  and  other  appointments  of  a modern  city.  In  place  of  the 
old-time  schools,  held  in  private  houses,  and  teaching  only  the 
catechism  and  primary  studies,  we  now  find  large  and  hand- 
some public  school  buildings  and  a system  of  instruction 
modeled  upon  that  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  high, 
model  and  normal  schools,  which  compare  favorably  as  to 
buildings,  equipment  and  teaching,  with  those  of  some  of  our 
large  American  cities. 

The  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  with  a population  of  2,500,000, 
a large  proportion  of  whom  are  foreigners,  is  the  great  cofifee- 
lu'oducing  State  of  the  Republic,  having  large  tracts  of  the 
inexhaustible  red  lands  on  which  the  coffee  plant  thrives.  In 
extent  it  is  nearly  equal  to  the  combined  areas  of  the  States 
of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  The  prosperity  of  the  State 
has  attracted  the  best  elements  from  the  other  States,  and  it 
is  one  of  the  strongholds  of  the  Republic. 

The  city,  situated  on  the  hills  that  rise  from  the  banks  of 
the  Tiete,  was  founded  by  the  Jesuits  in  1554.  It  is  2.700 
feet  above  sea  level,  and  is  exceptionally  healthy.  The  Pres- 
bytery of  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  organized  here  in  1865.  consist- 
ing of  Revs.  A.  G.  Simonton,  A.  L.  Blackford,  F.  J.  C. 
Schneider  and  Senhor  Concei(;ao,  a converted  Roman  priest, 
just  then  ordained.  When  IMr.  Blackford  left.  Rev.  G.  Y . 
Chamberlain  remained  in  charge  of  the  work  at  this  point, 
and  ministered  to  the  church  through  nearly  the  whole  of  its 
history,  until  it  became  self-supporting  and  called  a native 
pastor.  Rev.  J.  B.  Howell  was  his  co-laborer  in  this  work 
during  ten  years  from  1874-84. 

Being  the  seat  of  a large  law  school,  attended  by  some 
600  students  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  for  other  rea- 
sons, Sao  Paulo  was  early  chosen  as  the  educational  centre  of 
the  mission  work  in  Brazil.  The  beginning  in  this  line  was 
made  bv  IMrs.  G.  Chamberlain,  who  gathered  a dozen  or 
more  of  the  children  of  church  people  in  one  of  the  rooms  of 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


15 


her  house.  Native  ladies  were  afterward  employed  as  teachers, 
and  the  attendance  increased.  Suitable  buildings  were  erected 
in  1875  from  funds  collected  in  the  United  States  by  Mr. 
Chamberlain.  During  the  succeeding  ten  years,  under  the 
joint  superintendence  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  and  the  Rev.  J. 
B.  Howell,  a primary,  intermediate  and  high  school  course 
was  organized,  and  the  attendance  increased  to  over  150. 

In  1877,  Miss  P.  R.  Thomas,  a self-supporting  missionary 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Woman’s  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
established  a kindergarten  in  Sao  Paulo,  which  was  the  first 
school  of  the  kind  in  Brazil.  The  school  under  Miss  Thomas’s 
direction  was  very  successful  in  reaching  many  of  the  best 
families  in  the  city,  and  sowing  seeds  of  gospel  truth  in  places 
which  had  otherwise  been  inaccessible. 

The  Girls’  Boarding  School  was  opened  in  their  own  home 
by  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Howell  and  wife,  assisted  by  Miss  E.  Kuhl, 
in  1878,  and  continued  under  their  care  for  three  years.  It 
was  then  transferred  to  the  mission  building  and  put  under 
the  care  of  Misses  Kuhl  and  Dascomb,  under  whose  efficient 
management  it  continued  until  they  removed  to  Curityba  in 
1891  to  inaugurate  the  educational  work  for  girls  in  the  State 
of  Parana. 

The  Boys’  Boarding  Department  is  located  about  a mile 
from  the  central  school  buildings,  on  property  given  to  the 
mission  by  Dr.  and  IMrs.  Chamberlain.  These  schools  are  not 
now  controlled  by  the  Mission. 

In  1886,  Horace  M.  Lane,  D.  D.,  was  sent  out  by  special 
appointment  to  superintend  all  the  educational  work  in  Sao 
Paulo.  Under  his  wise  and  efficient  direction  the  “Eschola 
Americana”  has  become  a factor  of  permanent  value  in  the 
intellectual  life  of  Brazil.  The  system  of  graded  schools  is 
crowned  by  Mackenzie  College,  designed  to  give  to  Brazilian 
youth  such  advantages  as  American  colleges  offer.  Mr.  J.  T. 
Mackenzie,  of  New  York,  was  so  much  impressed  by  the 
need  in  Brazil  of  a college  founded  on  Bible  principles  that 
he  offered  the  funds  needed  for  the  buildings,  and  the  college 
perpetuates  his  name.  In  1896  the  buildings  were  completed 
and  the  first  classes  opened.  The  college,  though  in  closest 
harmony  with  the  Mission,  is  not  controlled  by  it.  Two  of 


i6 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


the  directors,  all  of  whom  reside  in  the  United  States,  are 
members  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  which  contributes 
a certain  sum  annually  toward  the  professors’  salaries.  The 
lower  schools  are  self-supporting,  and  embrace  primary,  inter- 
mediate, secondary  and  high  school  courses,  closely  graded, 
w'ith  manual  training  shops  and  athletics,  all  on  the  American 
plan.  The  present  enrolment  in  all  grades  is  over  800. 

Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Lane  in  1912,  the  Rev.  W.  A. 
Waddell  has  been  the  President. 

The  government  educational  officials  are  deeph’  inter- 
ested in  Mackenzie  College,  which  practically  sets  the  pace  in 
Brazil  for  higher  education  of  the  modern  type. 

Dr.  A.  W.  Halsey  says; 

“From  Panama  to  Curityba  we  saw  no  such  group  of  buildings, 
no  such  equipment  as  at  Mackenzie.  With  few  e.xceptions  they  were 
well  planned,  well  built,  well  adapted  to  college  purposes.  A new 
dormitory  is  now  being  erected,  and  we  were  assured  that  it  would 
be  filled  as  soon  as  ready.  The  college  equipment  was  the  best  we  saw 
anywhere.  Good  desks,  excellent  blackboards,  well-equipped  chemical 
and  physical  laboratories,  most  modern  instruments  in  physics,  chemis- 
try and  engineering — a first-class,'  up-to-date,  modern  college  in  the 
heart  of  Brazil.  The  opportunities  for  Christian  service  there,  it  seems 
to  us,  are  larger  than  in  any  single  institution  in  all  Latin  America. 


Curityba,  about  300  miles  southwest  of 
STATE  OF  PARANA.  Sao  Paulo,  is  the  capital  of  the  State 
of  Parana.  During  two  successive 
vears.  Rev.  Robert  Lenington  made  various  tours  through 
this  State,  with  such  encouraging  results  that  the  capital  was 
occupied  in  1885  by  Rev.  G.  A.  Landes  and  wife.  The  church, 
which  was  strong  and  thriving,  was  much  crippled  by  the 
division  of  1906. 

A small  school,  begun  by  Mr.  Landes,  has  developed 
under  the  care  of  Misses  Kuhl  and  Dascomb  since  1892  into 
an  important  and  flourishing  institution,  numbering  about 
300  pupils.  Nine  nations  are  represented,  and  a very  import- 
ant part  of  the  work  is  to  teach  these  children  of  immigrants 
the  language  of  their  adopted  country.  Four  languages  are 
taught  in  the  school- — Portuguese,  German,  English  and 
French.  There  are  three  departments:  Primary,  Intermediate 


* Panama  to  Parana.  A.  W.  Halsey  and  G.  H.  Trull,  p.  6o. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


1/ 


and  Secondary;  beside  a special  course  for  teachers.  Many 
of  those  entering  now  are  children  of  the  first  pupils.  The 
buildings  occupied  are  quite  inadequate  for  the  needs  of  the 
school.  New  property  recently  purchased  provides  a board- 
ing department  for  about  thirty  girls,  with  room  for  new 
buildings.  Mrs.  W.  H.  Hallock  is  now  in  charge  of  the 
school,  relieving  Miss  Kuhl  and  Miss  Dascomb,  after  their 
long  years  of  devoted  service. 

Castro,  120  miles  from  Curityba,  was  occupied  by  Rev. 
G.  L.  Bickerstaph  in  1895.  There  is  a growing  church  and  a 
large  itinerating  circuit,  reaching  three  churches  and  eleven 
groups.  The  principal  work  at  Castro  is  the  “Christian  Insti- 
tute of  Practical  Arts,”  opened  in  1914  under  the  care  of 
Mr.  H.  P.  Midkifif.  This  school  occupies  a tract  of  600  acres 
outside  of  the  town,  where  the  students  are  taught  farming 
and  various  industries,  supporting  themselves  by  their  labor. 
All  the  buildings  have  been  erected  and  furnished  by  the  stu- 
dents. The  design  is  to  train  the  sons  and  daughters  of 
Christian  parents  in  all  that  makes  a useful  life. 

Guarapitava,  under  Rev.  G.  A.  Landes  and  afterward  Rev. 
J.  B.  Kolb,  is  the  centre  of  a large  itinerating  field,  with  a 
radius  of  100  miles.  Mr.  Kolb  travels  some  2,000  miles  dur- 
ing the  year,  visiting  three  churches  and  twelve  groups.  He 
finds  many  who  hear  the  Word  gladly. 

Ponta  Grossa,  two  hours  from  Castro,  is  a city  of  15,000 
people.  It  is  a central  position  from  which  to  reach  many 
villages  and  towns  where  there  are  little  groups  of  evangelical 
believers.  A small  church  has  been  organized  at  Ponta 

Grossa,  but  there  is  no  church  building. 

The  first  station  in  the  State  of  Santa 

FLORIANOPOLIS.  Catharina,  lying  south  of  Parana,  with 

250,000  people,  was  opened  at  the  capital 
by  Rev.  J.  B.  Rodgers  in  1898.  When  ■ Mr.  Rodgers  was 

transferred  to  Manila  in  1899,  to  open  the  new  mission  there, 

his  place  at  Florianopolis  was  taken  by  Rev.  R.  F.  Lenington 
and  Rev.  J.  T.  Houston  (1900).  Florianopolis  is  another 
centre  of  evangelistic  work,  from  which  Rev.  A.  C.  Salley 
travels  constantly  among  the  smaller  churches  of  the  province. 


j8 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Ciiyaba  Station,  in  tlie  State  of  Matto  Grosso,  is  a citv 
of  30,000  inhabitants.  It  is  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Philip  S. 
Landes,  and  was  transferred  from  the  Central  Brazil  iNIission 
to  the  South  Brazil  Mission  in  1915.  Services  are  held  on 
Sunday  in  the  city,  and  there  are  large  opportunities  for 
tonring  work. 


THE  CENTRAL  BRAZIL  MISSION. 

The  Central  Brazil  Mission  is  at  work  in  three  fields  f the 
State  of  Sergipe,  with  several  independent  parishes,  together 
with  the  station  of  Estancia:  the  coast  region  of  the  State  of 
Bahia,  comprising  the  large  and  flourishing  congregations  of 
Bahia  City,  Cachoeira  and  Cannavieiras,  with  their  adjacent 
localities:  and  the  vast  interior  (Sertaoj  region,  including  the 
district  of  the  Villa  Nova  station,  the  diamond  districts  of 
Lavras,  and  the  Sao  Francisco  A’alley.  The  400,000  square 
miles  of  territory  contain  about  3,000,000  inhabitants.  It  is 
a region  of  scanty  and  uncertain  rainfall,  and  the  frequent 
diamghts  often  result  in  distressing  famines. 

Nearlv  all  the  places  first  occupied  by  our  mission  forces 
are  now  cared  for  In*  the  Brazilian  Church,  and  new  stations 
have  been  opened  in  more  needy  localities. 

In  1909  work  was  established  600  miles  inland  up  the 
river  Sao  Francisco,  the  headquarters  being  first  at  Carin- 
hanha,  and  about  two  years  later  removed  to  Caetete. 
'Fliroughout  the  wide  region  falling  under  the  care  of  this 
centre,  there  has  been  bitter  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  against  the  evangelicals.  In  spite 
of  this  there  has  been  gratifying  progress. 

Vork  was  established  in  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes  in 
1912.  The  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Brazil  asked  the  Mission  to  occupy  iMatto  Grosso,  a world 
in  itself,  with  over  500,000  square  miles,  or  one-sixth  of  the 
Cnited  States.  A mission  Avas  begun  here  in  1913.  It  was 
transferred  to  the  South  Brazil  Mission  in  1915. 

The  work  of  the  Central  Brazil  iNIission  is  notable  for  the 
plan  followed:  instead  of  making  fixed  stations,  the  mission- 
aries carrv  on  their  'evangelistic  work  liy  frequently  changing 


THE  MISSIOXS  IX  SOUTH  AI^IEKICA. 


19 


the  place  of  residence.  The  missionary  force  is  thus  not  an 
entrenched  army,  but  a mobile  force. 

Baliio,  750  miles  northeast  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  is  the 
BAHIA,  oldest  city  in  Brazil,  having  been  founded  in  1549, 
and  was  originally  the  capital.  It  is  the  capital  of 
the  State  bearing  the  same  name,  and  ranks  next  in  size  to 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  having  a population  of  nearly  250,000.  The 
harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  South  America,  admitting  ships 
of  the  largest  size.  The  State  of  Bahia  produces  and  exports 
cotton,  coffee,  sugar,  manioc,  tobacco,  dye-stuffs,  fancy 
woods,  horns  and  hides.  It  also  contains  valuable  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  and  iron,  with  deposits  of  potash, 
alum,  manganese,  etc.  The  commerce,  however,  is  small 
compared  with  its  possibilities,  on  account  of  the  want  of 
enterprise  of  the  inhabitants. 

This  port  was  formerly  the  headquarters  of  the  African 
slave  trade,  and  the  population  consists  largely  of  Negroes  and 
their  descendants.  There  are  two  iMohammedan  mosques 
and  thirty  fetish  temples.  The  raising  of  goats  for  sacrifices 
is  said  to  be  a profitable  industry. 

The  Archbishop  of  Brazil  has  his  residence  here,  and  the 
ecclesiastical  element  is  largely  dominant. 

The  pioneer  missionary  in  this  field  was  the  Rev.  F.  J.  C. 
Schneider,  who  labored  here  from  1871  till  his  withdrawal 
from  the  mission  in  1877.  Other  laborers  were:  Rev.  R. 
Lenington,  Rev.  A.  L.  Blackford  (till  his  death).  Rev.  W.  E. 
Finley,  Rev.  J.  B.  Cameron.  Rev.  E.  ]\I.  Pinkerton,  Rev.  G. 
W.  Chamberlain,  Rev.  J.  B.  Kolb  and  Rev.  W.  A.  Waddell. 

j\Irs.  Kolb,  and  afterward. -Miss  Hough  and  IMrs.  \Vaddell. 
did  much  good  by  visiting  and  holding  meetings  and  classes 
for  the  women  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  church 
built  up  by  the  labors  of  these  early  workers  has  now  its  own 
building,  with  an  earnest  pastor,  and  is  steadily  growing  in 
power. 

A day  school  of  high  grade  was  opened  in  1894  by  Miss 
Laura  Chamberlain  CMrs.  Waddell).  It  was  maintained  under 
varying  forms  for  more  than  twelve  years,  and  finally  closed 
for  want  of  a teacher. 


20 


HISTOKFCAL  SKETCH  OF 


At  Cachoeira  the  growth  of  the  church,  which  is  now  self- 
supporting,  was  largely  due  to  the  excellent  school  begun  bv 
Miss  Axtell  (Mrs.  H.  J.  McCall)  in  1899.  It  has  now  been 
transferred  to  the  control  of  the  Brazilian  Church. 

The  State  of  Sergipe  is  one  of  the  smallest  in  the 
SERGIPE.  Republic  and  also  one  of  the  poorest,  owing  to  the 
lack  of  rain.  The  principal  industry  is  cattle 
raising.  Work  in  this  State  was  opened  at  Larenjeiras,  where 
a church  was  organized  in  1884.  There  was  much  fanatical 
opposition  at  first;  Bibles  were  burned  and  ministers  were 
mobbed,  but  the  truth  has  quietly  won  its  way.  There  is  now 
a good  congregation,  which  has  built  a church  for  itself. 

An  excellent  school  under  the  care  of  Miss  Hough  and 
Mr.  Finley  was  maintained  at  Laranjeiras  for  several  years. 
In  1899  Mr.  Finley  was  transferred  to  Aracaju,  the  capital 
of  the  State,  fifteen  miles  distant,  and  it  was  thought  best  to 
remove  the  school  to  that  point.  It  is  now  under  the  care  of 
the  local  church. 

Estancia,  180  miles  from  Bahia,  was  opened  by  Rev.  C.  E. 
Bixler  and  Mrs.  Bixler  in  1902.  The  opposition  has  been 
constant  and  bitter,  but  substantial  growth  is  manifest.  The 
])eople  have  recently  built  themselves  a new  church  quite  free 
from  debt. 

A'illa  Nova  da  Rainha,  250  miles  by  rail  from 
VILLA  NOVA.  Bahia,  under  the  energetic  supervision  of  Rev. 

Pierce  Chamberlain,  became  the  centre  of 
itinerating  tours  extending  100  miles  east  and  200  miles  west. 
It  is  a sparsely  settled  region,  often  blasted  by  drought  and 
famine.  More  than  a score  of  preaching  places  have  been 
opened,  some  of  them  in  fanatical  and  intolerant  communi- 
ties, others  among  those  whose  hearts  have  been  prepared  by 
the  Spirit  for  the  message.  Rev.  Alexander  Reese  reports 
that  the  outlook  for  the  field  was  never  more  promising. 

Near  Lengoes  is  the  farm  school  at  Ponte 
PONTE  NOVA.  Nova,  founded  by  Rev.  W.  A.  Waddell  as  a 
self-supporting  training  school  for  the  boys 
and  girls  of  the  interior  churches — a Brazilian  version  of  Park 
College.  The  girls  do  all  the  housework,  the  boys  the  out- 
door work,  d'he  brighter  girls  are  trained  as  teachers;  the 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


21 


boys  who  are  able  will  be  prepared  for  the  theological  class 
of  the  Presbytery.  It  is  a journey  of  five  days  from  Bahia 
City;  by  boat  to  Cachoeira,  a narrow-gauge  railroad  of  104 
miles  to  Sitio  Novo,  and  thence  on  muleback  more  than  100 
miles,  through  desolate  plains  and  lonely  forests,  to  Ponte 
Nova.  Mr.  Speer  says: 

“We  felt  like  men  who  had  emerged  from  Central  Africa  as  we 
rode  over  the  Utinga  and  up  to  the  door  of  the  old  ranch  house  where 
Dr.  Waddell  stood  in  the  midst  of  this  school.  The  property  is  about 
ten  miles  long,  with  a frontage  on  the  river  which  runs  across  it  of 
three-quarters  of  a mile.  It  is  wedge-shaped,  with  the  river  crossing 
the  narrow  end,  and  contains  some  4,600  acres,  500  of  it  in  pasture, 
the  rest  in  forest.  One  hundred  acres  of  the  land  is  irrigable,  and 
the  fall  of  the  stream  will  give  water  power.  The  ranch  house  is 
commodious,  and  the  girls  are  housed  there  with  the  superintendent’s 
family,  while  the  boys  live  in  a house  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river. 
.\11  eat  together  in  the  great  dining  room  of  the  ranch  house.  There 
are  good  corrals,  the  beginning  of  an  excellent  garden,  and  it  seems 

to  be  an  ideal  property  for  the  purposes  of  the  school The  whole 

enterprise  is  most  encouraging.  Every  one  that  knew  of  it  com- 
mended it.” 

The  school  work,  as  organized  under  Dr.  Waddell,  seeks 
to  meet  the  crying  need  for  education  by  uniting  the  resources 
of  the  church  and  the  mission.  The  school  at  Ponte  Nova 
trains  the  teachers  for  primary  schools  in  villages  or  on 
ranches  where  their  support  is  provided.  In  some  places  our 
teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools,  which  gives  them 
a wider  fi^ld  of  usefulness. 

In  1914,  Dr.  Waddell  was  chosen  President  of  Mackenzie 
College,  and  Rev.  C.  E.  Bixler  and  Mrs.  Bixler  took  charge 
of  the  school.  It  has  a prospect  of  fruitful  service  among  the 
evangelical  Christians  of  the  region.  The  touring  work  from 
this  centre  reaches  .two  churches  and  thirteen  groups. 

Work  in  the  Sao  Francisco  Valley 
CAETETE,  VILLA  BELLA  was  inaugurated  by  Rev.  H.  J. 

DAS  UMBURANAS.  McCall  and  Mrs.  McCall  in  1909  at 

Carinhanha,  600  miles  up  the  river. 
The  towns  are  small  and  isolated,  and  traveling  is  extremely 
difficult.  West  of  this  valley  there  is  no  missionary  work 
the  whole  width  of  the  continent.  Caetete  is  now  the  head- 
quarters for  work.  The  opposition  is  very  bitter,  but  constant 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


advance  is  made.  An  excellent  school  is  one  of  the  strongest 
factors  in  making  friends. 

Air.  Graham  and  Mr.  Landes  have  for  some 
NORTH  MINAS,  years  made  extended  tours  through  this 
agricultural  province,  and  have  gathered 
small  congregations  in  a number  of  places.  Their  preaching 
services  are  largely  attended,  and  gladly  welcomed.  A’ery  few 
physicians  are  found  in  this  vast  region,  and  sanitary  and 
hygienic  conditions  are  often  of  the  worst.  A physician  has 
recently  gone  out,  the  first  in  Brazil  under  onr  Board!  to 
begin  medical  work. 

The  great  interior  provinces  of  Amazonas. 
THE  ABORIGINES.  Matto  Grosso  and  Goyaz,  comprising 
about  one-half  of  the  country,  are  in- 
habited mostly  by  Indians.  Their  nnmbers  are  variouslv  esti- 
mated from  200,000  to  1,300,000,  though  so  little  is  known  of 
them  that  all  estimates  must  be  largely  based  on  conjecture. 
About  half  of  them  are  Iiidios  braz'os,  that  is,  wild  or  inde- 
pendent tribes  roaming  through  the  forests  of  the  Amazon 
basin.  The  remainder,  known  as  Indios  niaiisos  (tame),  are 
settled  or  semi-civilized  tribes,  and  live  by  agriculture  or 
grazing  on  the  open  uplands.  The  viansos  mostly  speak  the 
lingoa  gcral  (general  language),  a dialect  of  the  Tupi-Guarani 
stock,  made  current  throughout  the  interior  of  the  continent 
by  the  Jesuit  missions  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  wild  tribes  vary  greatly  in  intellect  and  development. 
Some  are  cruel  and  degraded  cannibals,  while  the  Guajas  of 
Alatto  Grosso  are  skilful  hoat-builders  and  raise  sugar  cane 
and  cotton,  from  which  they  weave  cloth.  Xo  Protestant 
mission  work  has  yet  been  established  among  these  Indians. 

The  Brazilian  Government  has  recently  organized  a de- 
partment for  the  protection  and  employment  of  the  Indians. 
Alen  are  sent  out  to  establish  agricultural  and  industrial  cen- 
tres, where  the  scattered  tribes  may  be  instructed.  In  Alatto 
Grosso  manv  have  been  induced  to  work  in  constructing  the 
telegraph  lines  which  are  now  being  extended  into  that  region. 
The  laws  grant  perfect  liberty  of  religious  propaganda  among 
them,  and  the  government  looks  favorably  on  any  attempt  to 
uplift  them. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


^3 


STATIONS,  1917. 

SOUTHERN  BRAZIL  MISSION. 

Castro:  About  480  miles  a little  south  of  west  from  Rio:  opened 
as  a Mission  Station  in  1895.  Missionaries — Rev.  G.  L.  Bickerstaph 
and  Mrs.  Bickerstaph,  Rev.  H.  P.  Midkiff  and  Mrs.  Midkiff. 

Sao  Paulo  : 250  miles  w'est-southwest  of  Rio : capital  of  the  State 
of  the  same  name;  occupied  as  a Mission  Station  in  1863.  Mission- 
aries— Rev.  M.  P.  B.  Carvalhosa,  Rev.  W . A.  Waddell,  D.  D.,  President 
of  Mackenzie  College,  and  i\Irs.  Waddell. 

Curityba  : About  445  miles  southwest  of  Rio : occupied  1885. 
Missionaries — Rev.  R.  F.  Lenington  and  Mrs.  Lenington,  Miss  Ella 
Kuhk  Miss  Mary  P.  Dascomb,  Mrs.  Mary  H.  Hallock. 

Florianapolis  : Capital  of  the  State  of  Santa  Catharina,  on  an 
island  off  the  coast;  occupied  1898.  Alissionaries — Rev.  A.  C.  Salley 
and  Mrs.  Salley. 

Guarapuava  ; Far  interior  towm  in  Parana,  about  200  miles  west 
of  Curityba ; occupied  1908.  Missionaries — Rev.  J.  B.  Kolb  and  IMrs. 
Roll). 

Campinas  : Site  of  Theological  Seminary,  about  50  miles  northwest 
of  Sao  Paulo  ; occupied  1910.  Missionaries — Rev.  T.  J.  Porter,  Ph.D., 
and  Mrs.  Porter. 

Ponta  Grosso  : Important  railroad  center  south  of  Castro ; occupied 
1913.  Missionaries — Rev.  G.  A.  Landes  and  Mrs.  Landes. 

IMatto  Grosso  Field:  Occupied  1912.  (Transferred  in  1915  from 
Central  Brazil  to  Southern  Brazil.)  Rev.  Philip  S.  Landes,  and  Mrs. 
Landes. 

CENTRAL  BRAZIL  MISSION. 

Bahia:  Founded  in  1871;  165  miles  from  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Villa  Nova:  Founded  in  1900;  250  miles  northeast  of  Bahia. 
Missionaries — Rev.  Alexander  Reese  and  Mrs.  Reese,  Rev.  A.  F.  Mc- 
Clements  and  Mrs.  AlcClements. 

Estancia,  Sergipe:  Founded  in  1902.  Port  180  miles  northeast  of 
Bahia.  Missionaries — Rev.  H.  C.  Anderson  and  Mrs.  Anderson. 

Ponte  Nova:  ( P.  O.  address,  Lenqoes,  Bahia,  Brazil.)  Founded  in 
1906.  School  on  farm  230  miles  northwest  of  Bahia.  Missionaries — 
Rev.  C.  E.  Bixler  and  Mrs.  Bixler,  Miss  Carrie  L.  Jayne. 

Caetete  : Founded  in  1909.  Interior  town  400  miles  south  of  west 
of  Bahia.  Missionaries — Rev.  H.  J.  McCall  and  Mrs.  McCall. 

North  Minas  Field:  Founded  in  1912.  Missionaries — Rev.  F.  F. 
Graham,  Walter  W.  Wood,  M.  D.,  Mrs.  Wood. 

Umburanas:  Founded  in  1913.  Interior  town,  30  miles  south  of 
Caetete.  Sub-station.  I\lissionary — Miss  E.  R.  Williamson. 


^4 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OE 


Chile 


Chile,  one  of  the  most 
enterprising-  and  prosperous 
Republics  of  South  America, 
is  situated  on  the  western 
slope  of  the  Andes.  It  ex- 
tends from  17°  to  55°  south 
latitude,  or  from  the  Ray  of 
Arica  to  Cape  Horn,  and 
from  65°  to  75°  west  longi- 
tude. It  has  a coast  line  of 
2,625  miles,  with  an  average 
width  of  90  miles.  The  area 
is  estimated  at  291,500  scjuare 
miles.  Shut  in  between  the 
mountains  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  it  is  isolated  from  the 
main  thoroughfares  of  com- 
merce. 

In  a country  extending 
from  the  tropics  nearly  to  the 
Antarctic  Circle,  and  varying 
in  altitude  from  the  sea  level 
to  14,000  feet  above  it.  there 
is  naturally  room  for  every 
extreme  of  heat  and  cold, 
moisture  or  aridity.  The  northern  part  is  a hot,  parched 
desert,  where  rain  scarcely  ever  falls;  the  south  is  cold  and 
foggy,  with  abundant  rains,  and  covered  with  forests  of 
gigantic  trees.  Between  the  two  is  a fine  agricultural  region, 
abounding  in  all  tbe  products  of  temperate  and  sub-tropical 
countries.  The  climate  is  in  general  healthful,  and  the  heat 
on  the  seacoast  never  extreme,  being  tempered  by  the  cool 
.\ntarctic  current  which  bathes  the  shores. 

About  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  surface  is  aralile  land,  the 
rest  being  desert,  mountain,  pasture  or  forest.  Wheat  is  the 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


25 


most  important  product.  Barley,  maize,  potatoes,  beans, 
hemp  and  forage  plants  are  also  largely  raised.  Fruit  of  all 
sorts  is  abundant  and  excellent. 

There  are  numerous  lakes,  though  none  are  very  large. 
The  rivers  are  generally  mountain  torrents,  most  valuable  for 
irrigation.  The  Biobio,  220  miles  in  length,  and  a few  others, 
are  navigable  for  a short  distance. 

Rich  mines  of  copper,  silver  and  coal  abound,  and  valu- 
able deposits  of  nitrates  are  found  in  the  northern  deserts. 

The  population,  mostly  of  Spanish  descent,  though 
largely  mingled  with  Indian  blood,  was  given  by  the  census 
of  1907  as  3,249,279.  About  100,000  of  these  are  foreigners. 
There  are  still  some  Araucanian  Indians  and  a few  thousands 
of  savage  Patagonians,  but  most  of  the  native  stock  has  been 
absorbed  into  the  general  population. 

The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  established  by  law,  but 
there  is  greater  liberty  than  in  almost  any  other  Republic  of 
South  America.  The  Press  is  free  and  a recognized  power, 
and  the  importance  of  advancement  in  education  is  understood 
by  both  government  and  people. 

The  agricultural  classes  live  in  a very  simple  and  primitive 
manner;  in  the  towns  and  among  the  upper  classes,  social  life 
and  habits  are  much  the  same  as  in  European  countries.  A 
new  era  for  Chile  was  inaugurated  in  April,  1910,  when  the 
Transandine  tunnel  was  opened  for  travel.  This  remarkable 
piece  of  engineering,  two  miles  long  and  two  miles  above  sea- 
level,  forms  the  final  link  in  the  transcontinental  railway  (888 
miles),  connecting  Valparaiso  with  Buenos  Ayres.  Another 
line  connects  Antofogasta  with  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  and  will  be 
extended  to  Buenos  Ayres. 

The  northern  part  of  the  region  now  known  as  Chile  was 
conquered  by  the  Incas  of  Peru  about  1433,  and  remained 
subject  to  them  until  the  Spanish  conquest.  The  first  Spanish 
expedition,  under  Almagro,  was  driven  back  by  the  valor  of 
the  Araucanians.  Angered  at  this  repulse,  Pizarro  despatched 
Don  Pedro  de  Valdivia  with  a large  force,  and  was  preparing 
to  follow  in  person  when  he  was  assassinated  in  1541.  Val- 
divia founded  Santiago  and  the  city  which  bears  his  name, 
and  was  finally  killed  in  battle.  The  Araucanians,  driven  to 


26 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


the  south,  kept  up  a brave  resistance  until  1722,  when  they 
consented  to  a treaty  fixing  the  River  Biobio  as  a boundary 
between  them  and  the ’Spaniards. 

The  exactions  of  the  Spanish  officials,  who  regarded  their 
offices  only  as  means  of  personal  aggrandizement,  so  exas- 
perated the  Chileans  that  they  determined  to  throw  off  the 
hated  yoke.  When  Spain  was  helpless  in  the  grasp  of 
Napoleon,  they  seized  the  opportunity  to  depose  the  Spanish 
Governor,  and  declared  their  independence  September  18, 
1810.  After  eight  years  of  war  and  many  reverses,  they 
finally  defeated  the  Spanish  forces,  and  established  a Repub- 
lican Government  in  1818.  The  first  Constitution  was 
adopted  in  1828,  and  the  present  one  in  1833. 

MISSION  WORK. 

The  first  Protestant  Mission  in  Chile  was  established  by 
the  “American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union,”  and  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  jNIissions  July 
14,  1873.  It  operates  from  four  centres:  Valparaiso,  San- 
tiago, Concepcion,  and  Copiapo. 

Wlparaiso  is  the  principal  seaport  not  only 
VALPARAISO,  of  Chile,  but  of  all  the  west  coast  of  South 
America.  The  open  harbor  has  been  im- 
proved by  the  government  at  great  expense.  The  city  is  built 
on  nineteen  hills,  some  of  which  are  separated  by  deep  ravines, 
and  from  the  narrow  strip  of  level  land  along  the  sea  many 
winding  roads,  stairways  and  elevators  lead  up  through  the 
city.  In  1854  the  city  contained  only  52,000  inhabitants; 
there  are  now  about  200,000.  It  is  the  principal  outlet  for  a 
large  territory  of  rich  and  productive  land.  Gold,  copper, 
lead,  hides,  nitrates  and  flour,  are  its  exports,  and  it  has  direct 
communication  with  Europe  and  the  United  States  by  Ger- 
man and  English  steamers,  and  with  the  South  American 
Republics  on  the  west  coast  by  the  steamers  of  Chilean,  English 
and  German  lines.  Eoreigners  form  an  influential  section  of 
the  population,  and  the  English  language  is  largely  used. 

In  1846  the  citv  was  occupied  by  Rev.  D.  Trumbull,  D.D., 
sent  thither  liv  the  Seamen’s  Eriend  Societv  and  the  American 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


27 


and  Foreign  Christian  Union.  Dr.  Trumbull  labored  mostly 
for  the  English-speaking  people  of  the  city,  but  did  much  for 
the  Chileans  through  the  Press,  and  also  in  connection  with 
our  mission,  with  which  he  co-operated  actively  and  efficiently 
until  his  death  in  1889.  In  1866  Rev.  A.  M.  Merwin  was  sent 
to  take  charge  of  the  Spanish  work  in  the  city.  He  began  to 
preach  in  1868,  and  a church  was  organized  in  1869. 

The  Rev.  W.  E.  Dodge  was  sent  out  by  the  Board  in 

1882.  He  was  soon  called  to  be  associate  pastor  of  the  ETnion 
Church  of  English-speaking  residents,  but  like  Dr.  Trumbull, 
was  from  the  first  identified  with  our  mission.  During  1883 
a flourishing  Y.  M.  C.  A.  was  established. 

Rev.  Mr.  Merwin  was  forced  to  retire  from  the  mission 
work  in  1883  on  account  of  ill-health,  and  later  Mr.  Dodge  for 
the  same  reason. 

Rev.  James  E.  Garvin  and  Mrs.  Garvin  succeeded  them  in 

1883,  and  carried  on  for  twenty  years  the  work  so  well  pro- 
jected in  its  different  departments.  Mr.  Garvin  built  up  the 
large  Escuela  Popular,  the  Sheltering  Home,  and  the  exten- 
sive propaganda,  besides  being  Mission  Treasurer  and 
Managing  Editor  of  the  Hcraldo  Evangelico. 

The  San  Martin  Church,  with  a missionary  pastor  and 
a Chilean  evangelist,  is  enlarging  its  work  from  year  to  year. 
In  1905  the  old  church  was  sold  and  a new  one  begun  in  a 
better  location.  The  building  was  seriously  injured  by  the 
earthquake  of  1906,  but  was  rebuilt  and  completed  in  1907. 
A training  class  for  Christian  workers  is  held  weekly,  and  the 
members  maintain  nine  preaching  places  in  different  parts  of 
the  city.  Two  other  churches  and  four  groups  are  connected 
with  Valparaiso  Station. 

The  Escuela  Popular,  the  first  Protestant  school  in  Chile, 
is  realizing  more  and  more  each  year  the  purpose  of  its 
founder,  Dr.  David  Trumbull,  that  of  giving  the  boys  and  girls 
of  the  middle  classes  an  education  that  will  fit  them  for  life. 

The  new,  modern,  three-story  building  has  room  for  400 
boys  and  girls  as  day  pupils,  and  a boarding  department  for 
twenty  girls.  Beginning  with  the  kindergarten,  the  course 
of  study  continues  for  eight  years,  and  by  the  last  year  the 
pupils  are  ready  to  do  all  their  work  in  English.  The  boarders 


28 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


live  as  members  of  the  family  of  Miss  Beatty,  the  principal, 
and  are  instructed  in  domestic  science  at  the  same  time  that 
they  are  inspired  by  the  example  of  her  devoted  Christian  life. 

The  success  of  this  school  was  so  marked  that  six  branch 
schools  have  been  opened  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  and 
the  total  enrolment  reaches  about  700. 

Though  but  a small  number  of  the  children  are  Protest- 
ants, the  Bible  is  taught  every  day,  and  on  Wednesday  of  each 
week  one  of  the  missionaries  or  a native  pastor  goes  to  each 
school  and  conducts  a special  Bible  class  or  preaches  a sermon 
for  the  children. 

In  each  school  a Sunday  school  is  organized,  and  a large 
proportion  of  the  pupils  attend. 

The  teachers  of  these  schools  are  gladly  received  in  the 
homes  of  the  pupils,  and  in  this  way  many  people  are  reached 
who  would  not  attend  a service  in  a chapel.  It  is  a hopeful 
sign  to  see  700  children  study  the  Bible  daily. 

The  Sheltering  Home  for  orphan  children  was  established 
by  Dr.  Trumbull  and  Mr.  Merwdn.  Jt  has  thirty-five  inmates 
from  different  parts  of  the  country.  A commodious  building 
was  erected  in  1893.  The  property  belongs  to  an  incorporated 
society,  two  of  whose  directors  are  chosen  from  the  Presby- 
terian Mission  in  Chile. 

The  Valparaiso  Bible  Society,  representing  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  has  been  wonderfully  successful, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  efficient  agencies  in  helping  forward 
the  w’ork  in  this  field. 

Santiago,  the  capital  of  Chile  and  the  third 
SANTIAGO.  largest  city  of  South  America,  is  situated  on  a 
plain  1,706  feet  above  the  sea,  at  the  foot  of  the 
majestic  snow-covered  peaks  of  the  Andes.  It  is  a beautiful 
city  and  is  connected  with  Valparaiso  by  a railroad  114  miles 
long.  It  was  first  occupied  in  1861  by  Rev.  N.  P.  Gilbert, 
who,  in  the  midst  of  many  discouragements  from  foreigners 
and  natives,  perseyered  until  he  was  able  to  organize  a church 
and  erect  a building  in  a central  position.  When  Mr.  Gilbert 
retired  from  the  field  in  1871,  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  J.  J\I. 
Ibanez-Guzman,  a native  of  the  country,  whose  promising 
ministry  was  soon  cut  short  by  death.  He  was  followed  by 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


29 


Re\c  S.  J.  Christen,  who  in  turn  was  relieved  of  this  charge 
by  Rev.  W.  H.  Lester  about  1884,  in  order  to  give  up  the 
greater  part  of  his  time  to  educational  work.  In  1889,  during 
Air.  Lester’s  ministry,  the  church  was  burned  down.  It  was 
occupied  by  the  English  and  German  congregations  as  well 
as  by  the  Chilean  church.  Within  a year  a new  and  better 
building  was  erected,  partly  througb  the  generosity  of  friends 
in  Santiago.  The  same  year  Rev.  Francisco  Diez  of  Spain 
was  brought  to  Chile,  and  placed  in  charge  of  the  church,  of 
which  he  is  still  the  pastor.  A new  building  recently  com- 
pleted gives  increased  accommodation. 

In  1904  a second  church  was  organized  by  Rev.  W.  B. 
Boomer  and  reports  over  100  members. 

Rev.  Edson  A.  Lowe,  during  his  life  in  Santiago,  began  a 
systematic  work  of  city  evangelization  by  means  of  chapel 
services  in  different  quarters,  conducted  by  a band  of  lay 
evangelists,  whom  he  trained  with  great  care.  Since  his  death 
the  same  work  has  been  continued. 

A weekly  religious  paper,  El  Hcraldo  Ez'aiigclico,  founded 
in  1884,  has  a large  circulation  in  Chile  and  the  adjoining 
countries,  and  is  read  by  many  people  who  could  not  be  other- 
wise reached.  It  has  lately  been  unitecl  with  the  paper  of 
the  INIethodist  Church,  El  Cristiauo,  and  now  bears  the  name 
El  Hcraldo  Cristiauo. 

The  Institiito  Internacional,  a boarding  and  day-school  for 
boys,  was  begun  in  1876  by  Rev.  S.  J.  Christen.  It  soon  out- 
grew its  quarters,  and  in  1894  a commodious  building  was 
erected  through  the  efforts  of  the  Rev.  J.  M.  Allis,  D.  D.. 
whose  name  is  commemorated  by  a tablet  on  the  walls. 
After  many  years  of  earnest  service,  Mr.  Christen  returned  t^ 
Switzerland,  and  the  school  was  rc-organized  and  re-opened 
March,  1898,  under  the  charge  of  Rev.  W.  E.  Browning. 
The  name  was  changed  to  Institiito  Ingles,  and  its  patrons 
were  offered  the  inducement  of  a thorough  course  of  study 
carried  on  in  the  English  language,  under  teachers  of  high 
moral  purpose  and  character.  The  school  has  prospered 
steadily,  and  is  wholly  self-supporting,  with  nearly  300  pupils. 
A large  wing  was  added  in  1901,  and  within  a week  of  its 
opening  everv  room  was  filled.  The  students  come  from 


HISTORrCAL  SKETCH  OF 


30 

influential  families  in  Chile,  Bolivia  and  Peru,  and  receive 
thorough  moral  and  religions  instruction.  Eight  American 
teachers  live  in  the  building  and  give  all  their  time  to  the 
school.  The  graduates  find  ready  employment  in  banks  and 
business  houses,  where  they  are  always  in  demand. 

As  a result  of  the  Panama  Congress,  the  Presbyterian 
Board  was  asked  to  surrender  Dr.  Browning  to  the  general 
work  of  Superintendent  of  Education  for  all  Latin  America. 
After  careful  consideration,  the  Board  decided  to  accede  to 
this  request.  The  school  is  now  superintended  by  Rev.  Jl  H. 
IMcLean.  An  Associate  Principal  wdll  be  appointed  as  soon 
as  a suitable  man  can  be  found. 

In  1914  the  INIethodist  and  Presbyterian  Missions  united 
in  organizing  a Theological  Seminary  open  to  students  from 
all  evangelical  churches.  The  control  was  vested  in  the  gov- 
erning authorities  of  the  Alissions,  and  each  set  aside  one  of 
its  missionaries  for  this  distinctive  work. 

Erom  Curico.  an  out-station  of  Santiago,  work  is  carried 
on  through  four  churches  and  one  group. 

The  central  zone  of  Chile,  comprising  the 
CONCEPCION,  provinces  of  Curico,  Talca.  Linares,  Nuble, 
Concepcion  and  Malleco,  with  a total  popula- 
tion of  about  500,000,  is  the  richest  agricultural  region  of  the 
country.  Its  largest  city  is  Concepcion,  on  the  Biobio  River, 
about  ten  miles  from  Talcahuano  Bay,  the  best  harbor  on  the 
coast.  On  account  of  the  rich  coal  fields  near  by,  Concepcion 
has  become  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centres  of  the 
Republic.  The  railroad  from  Santiago  to  AMldivia  traverses 
the  interior  valley,  giving  easy  access  to  the  principal  towns. 

The  church  in  Concepcion  was  founded  in  1880  by  two 
brothers,  Robert  and  Eneas  McLean.  After  their  return  to 
the  United  States,  Rev.  S.  W.  Curtiss,  Rev.  J.  F.  Garvin, 
Rev.  W.  B.  Boomer  and  Rev.  J.  H.  IMcLean  succeeded  each 
other  as  residents  at  the  station.  A substantial  church  is 
well  attended,  and  there  is  a flourishing  day-school. 

The  out-stations  are:  Chilian,  Talca,  Traiguen,  and  three 
smaller  towns. 

Chilldii  is  a citv  of  24,000  inhabitants,  about  240  miles  by 
rail  south  of  Santiago.  It  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a wide 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


31 


plain,  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  and  is  famous  for  its  weekdv 
fair  or  market  day.  This  cattle  market  is  the  largest  in  the 
country,  and  attracts  people  even  from  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic. At  the  foot  of  Mt.  Chilian  are  the  well-known  thermal 
baths,  with  a great  reputation  for  curing  rheumatism  and 
gout.  The  church  is  in  charge  of  an  earnest  Chilean  minister. 

The  northern  provinces  of  Atacama  and  Anto- 
COPIAPO.  fogasta  lie  in  the  rainless  district,  and  depend  for 
their  wealth  on  the  mines  and  nitrate  works.  The 
field  of  our  mission  covers  about  21,000  square  miles,  with 
79,000  people.  The  distance  between  the  extreme  points 
reached  is  about  300  miles.  Copiapo,  the  largest  town,  400 
miles  north  of  \’alparaiso.  has  no  communication  with  the 
outside  world  but  by  sea  and  through  mountain  passes.  It  is 
a beautiful  city  in  an  almost  rainless  valley  : its  port  of  entry 
is  Caldera.  A'ork  was  started  here  many  years  ago  by  Rev. 
S.  J.  Christen,  and  was  followed  up  for  a time  by  Rev.  S. 
Sayre.  Afterwards  the  IMethodists  entered  and  then  gave  up 
the  field,  and  the  Presbyterians  upon  invitation  of  the  group 
of  Christians  there  re-entered. 

Rev.  Jesse  S.  Smith  and  i\Irs.  Smith  are  now  stationed 
here.  The  church  is  prosperous  and  growing.  Regular 
tours  are  made  among  the  mining  towns  of  the  interior,  which 
open  large  opportunities. 

•Tocopilla,  an  out-station  of  Copiapo,  is  one  of  the  chief 
ports  for  the  nitrate  trade.  INIr.  Henry  Fraser,  an  English 
business  man,  held  services  for  some  years  for  the  English 
residents,  with  excellent  results.  In  1895  the  Rev.  Dr.  Allis 
and  i\Ir.  Emilio  Olsen,  a colporteur  of  the  \'alparaiso  Bible 
Society,  visited  the  region.  A church  of  fifty  members  was 
organized  in  1900.  It  is  now  one  of  the  most  flourishing- 
in  the  mission,  under  the  charge  of  an  energetic  Chilean 
evangelist. 

Taltal,  another  out-station,  is  also  a port  in  the  nitrate 
region.  Largely  through  the  efforts  of  a Chilean  workingman 
who  was  converted  by  the  reading  of  the  Scriptures,  a group 
of  Christians  was  formed  here.  The  work  was  strengthened 
and  encouraged  by  itinerating  missionaries  until  Rev.  E. 
Jorquera  was  stationed  there  in  1895.  AVithin  the  two  years 


3^ 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


following,  a small  chapel  was  erected  and  a church  organized. 
Other  centres  of  w'ork  are  Chanaral,  Carrizal  and  Cerro 
Blanco. 

i\Iost  of  the  mining  officials  are  glad  to  give  every  facility 
for  the  work  among  the  men.  i\Ir.  Schmalhorst  says: 

“In  many  ofickias  rooms  are  fitted  up  and  furnished  for  the 
meetings  at  the  Company's  e.xpense.  Entertainment  is  given  at  the 
house  of  the  Administrator,  and  a free  pass  over  the  railroads.  They 
tell  me:  ‘Your  converts  are  our  most  reliable  workmen;  they  give  least 
trouble  in  any  way.’  If  you  could  see  these  poor  fellows  crowded  in 
their  comfortless  little  shelters,  with  the  thermometer  often  below 
freezing  point,  surrounded  only  by  the  squalid  iniquity  of  a mining- 
camp,  you  would  think  no  trouble  too  great  to  carry  them  the  blessed 
news  of  a Heavenly  Father’s  love.” 

In  1883  the  Presbytery  of  Chile  was  erected 
ORGANIZATION.  l)y  the  General  Assembly,  consisting  of  six 
ministers  and  three  churches.  There  are 
at  present  connected  with  the  Presbytery  171  churches  and 
17  groups  of  believers.  The  Presbytery  directs  the  work  of 
publishing  tracts  and  the  weekly  religious  paper,  El  Heraldo 
Cristiano. 

In  1888  the  government  granted  the  mission  a charter, 
whereby  “those  who  profess  the  Reformed  Church  religion 
according  to  the  doctrines  of  Holy  Scripture,  may  promote 
primarv  and  superior  instruction,  according  to  modern 
methods  and  practice,  and  propagate  the  worship  of  their 
belief  obedient  to  the  laws  of  the  land;”  and  “this  corporation 
mav  acquire  lands  and  buildings  necessary  for  the  expressed 
object,  and  retain  the  same  by  act  of  the  Legislature.”  This 
special  charter  was  one  of  several  important  steps  taken  by 
the  government  in  the  direction  of  religious  liberty,  and  ren- 
ders the  tenure  of  property  more  secure  than  formerly. 

'I'he  principal  missions  for  Chileans  beside  our  own  are 
those  of  the  I\Iethodist  Church  (North),  with  stations  from 
Punta  Arenas  in  the  extreme  south  to  Iquique  in  the  north, 
and  those  of  the  Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance  in  and 
around  Valdivia. 

The  South  American  [Missionary  Society  has  a mission  to 
the  Araucanian  Indians,  with  headquarters  at  Temuco,  and 
another  among  the  remnant  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuegians  at 


THE  MISSIONS  IX  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


33 


River  Douglas,  not  far  from  Spaniard  Harbor,  where  Allen 
Gardiner  fell. 


STATISTICS,  1916-1917. 


Stations  4 

Out-stations  26 

Missionaries  21 

Native  Workers  60 

Churches  17 

Communicants  1.014 

Pupils  in  Schools • 1.298 

Pupils  in  Sunday  Schools 3.343 


CHILE  MISSION. 

Santiago;  Capital  of  Chile,  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes  Mountains; 
connected  by  rail  with  Valparaiso,  which  is  ninety  miles  west,  on  coast. 
Missionaries — Rev.  W.  H.  Lester,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Lester;  Rev.  W.  E. 
Browning,  Ph.D.,  and  Airs.  Browning;  Rev.  James  H.  McLean  and 
Airs.  AIcLean ; Rev.  W.  B.  Boomer  and  Airs.  Boomer;  Rev.  David  R. 
Edwards  and  Airs.  Edwards:  four  American  teachers  in  the  English 
Institute  and  eight  other  teachers : one  out-station. 

Valparaiso;  The  principal  port  of  Chile,  on  the  coast,  ninety  miles 
west  of  Santiago.  Alissionaries — Rev.  C.  AT.  Spining  and  Airs.  Spining, 
Aliss  F.  E.  Smith,  Rev.  Robert  B.  Elmore  and  Airs.  Elmore,  Aliss 
Alartha  A.  Beatty;  five  other  teachers  in  the  school.  One  out-station, 
Vina  del  Alar. 

Copiapo  ; Capital  of  the  Province  of  Atacama,  about  440  miles 
north  of  Santiago.  Alissionaries — Rev.  J.  S.  Smith  and  Airs.  Smith. 
One  native  preacher.  Out-stations:  Tocopilla,  Taltal,  Chanaral,  and 
many  other  groups. 

Concepcion  ; In  Province  of  Concepcion,  500  kilometers  southwest 
of  Santiago.  Alissionaries — Rev.  J.  F.  Garvin  and  Airs.  Garvin.  One 
native  preacher.  Out-stations;  Chilian,  Talca,  Traiguen,  and  three 
other  places. 


Xongitude  "West 


from  Greenwicli. 


|CWnega\  ^ 
S.  %e  ilarV^' 


Maracayl^ 


ailed 

^Tenerife  ^ ^ ' . 

Jak^Iompox 


ilamar ' 


^ainatany:qu< 


' /y  Hlajagual 
5y  ( of 
r { Sitnitio  1 
eCarcrcs 
Zar^gMa 
f r^^Bdcai 

' Ketnedios 


luaragua 


. Qcana  \- 


PariU 


«SCucuta 


‘if  4 ?!  S. 
pihtioqu’ial  j\redeliix( 

- (n 

aij|\QujbdoS  > 

rh/o  yplSJ.la^of 


Arauca 


iTunj^^o 


Hbndi 


■uco 


iBOGOTA 


S.Juaii  de 
’losXlanos 


ViruBa 


"R.  Jnirda 


Pp-payan  oii>r 
Iscuaiidet  v 


^w/l  ohu  ppi  //a'^ 

Slocoa^ 


Jay'Upnrx\^ 
1 \ 


larliiasoas 


»3Iacura ‘^'-rUpcs 


Cumbah^^°'^ 
— Iljarra^.',,'^^^ 
Octiivalof^ 


UATOR 


ptSl^SsiSS 

“ Sta 

himb^zdi^^ 

O f \l  ^<Pf' f • C!‘>iclos 

Jipijkpri(  liioba)n'Ui£""~\ 

, liVtlo  £•'■•■.•  Xl’indtx  -^. 

Lah  LI  M \ 


R,  Cainar^. 


OFarmha 


ssu  m pc  i 0 n 


i Andoas^ 


,sj^  '-ikTacas^ 

^uenc^^:  '' 

j y^iladolid 


Pevas 

S Cal^allococlia 


Reruate.. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTEI  AMERICA. 


35 


Colombia 


After  the  wars  which  freed  South  America  from  Spanish 
domination  in  1819,  the  nortliern  section  was  constituted  a 
Republic,  embracing  the  present  States  of  Ecuador,  \"ene- 
zuela  and  Colombia.  The  natural  diversity  of  the  jiopulation 
soon  caused  a division  into  the  three  Republics  which  now 
exist. 

The  Republic  of  Colombia,  first  known  as  New  Granada, 
and  later  as  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  has  an  area  of 
450.000  square  miles,  nearly  four  times  that  of  California. 
The  chief  rivers  of  Colond^ia  flow  into  the  Caribbean  Sea;  the 
Pacific  coast  is  mountainous  and  destitute  of  good  harbors. 

The  climate  is  hot  along  the  coast;  most  of  the  country 
consists  of  an  elevated  jilateau  of  the  Andes,  where  the  heat 
is  modified  by  the  altitude.  Yolcanic  eruptions  and  earth- 
(piakes  are  of  frequent  occurrence.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and 
all  tropical  and  temperate  products  can  be  produced  through- 
out the  year,  but  the  means  of  communication  and  transport 
are  so  limited  that  there  is  no  inducement  to  develop  the 
unbounded  agricultural  resources.  A'aluable  minerals  and  the 
precious  metals  are  found  in  great  abundance.  The  popula- 
tion is  estimated  at  5,000,000.  (df  these  the  great  majority 
are  of  more  or  less  mixed  Spanish  descent,  with  a small  pro- 
portion of  Negroes  and  Indians.  The  language  is  Spanish, 
and  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  established  by  law,  though 
other  religions  are  permitted  so  long  as  their  exercise  “is  not 
contrary  to  Christian  morals  or  the  law.” 

IMr.  Robert  E.  Si)eer,  who  visited  Colombia  in  1909,  says 
of  it; 

“Colombia  i.s  the  Soulli  American  Persia,  without  Per.sia's  e.xcuse. 
It  is  a ricli  and  fertile  country,  not  a desert.  There  is  scarcely  anything 
that  it  cannot  produce,  from  the  fruits  of  the  tropics  to  the  grains  of 
the  temperate  zones.  .And  yet  this  rich  country  is  one  of  the  most 
backward  and  decrepit  nations  in  the  world.  She  has  a few  little  rail- 
roads, the  longest  of  them  only  ninety-three  miles,  and  all  of  these 
were  Iniilt  and  many  are  ownefl  by  foreigners.  She  has  only  three  or 
four  highwa_\-s,  and  two  of  them,  the  most  important  of  all,  are  falling 


36 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


into  ruin.  The  foreign  trade  is  about  one-tenth  that  of  Chili,  with  its 
smaller  area  and  population." 


The  causes  of  this  backwardness  are  twofold:  First,  the 
predominance  of  venal  and  incompetent  politicians,  who  are 
content  to  hold  office  and  draw  salaries  without  using  their 
power  to  develop  the  resources  of  the  nation  and  guide  it  into 
better  things:  and  second,  the  control  of  an  unscrupulous 
ecclesiastical  hierarchv. 

“In  the  first  half  of  the  last  century,  the  State  asserted  for  itself 
a large  freedom.  In  1888,  the  Church  came  back  into  power  through 
a concordat  with  the  State.  Since  Ecuador  threw  off  the  domination 
of  the  Church,  there  is  not  one  South  American  country  where  the 
influence  of  Rome  is  so  powerful  as  in  Colombia.  The  Archbishop  and 
the  Papal  Delegate  in  Bogota  are  the  most  conspicuous  figures  after 
the  President.  The  Papal  Delegate  is  the  head  of  the  diplomatic  corps, 
and  it  is  said  by  many  that  there  is  nothing  which  the  Church  desires 
that  it  cannot  do.  Tlie  Church  controls  education,  and  while  the  con- 
stitution proclaims  religious  liberty,  the  Church  exercises  its  authority 
to  see  that  as  far  as  it  can  order  matters  the  liberty  shall  not  be 
exercised  by  the  people."  * 

The  Colombian.s  are  willing,  industrious  and  cordial. 
One  meets  everywhere  with  good  will  and  politeness,  as  well 
as  with  much  want  and  stiffering.  Sanitation  and  hygiene  are 
sadly  neglected..  The  death-rate  is  abnormally  high,  and  there 
is  little  provision  for  medical  care. 

The  marriage  laws,  and  the  state  of  morals  induced  by 
the  nearly  universal  disregard  of  the  same,  are  the  greatest 
hindrance  to  the  evangelization  of  the  people  of  Colombia. 
There  can  be  no  really  binding  marriage  covenant  save  as 
celebrated  by  a priest  of  Rome,  who  usually  demands  a fee 
bevond  the  pow’er  of  the  masses  to  pay.  Even  civil  contracts 
of  marriage  are  made  null  on  certain  easy  conditions.  As  a 
consequence,  polygamy,  wdthout  the  sanction  of  even  Moslem 
law,  is  more  common  than  in  Moslem  lands. 

MISSIONS. 

The  chief  Protestant  mission  work  in  Colombia  is  that 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (North)  of  the  Cuiited  States. 


■•Hissions  in  South  America:  Report  of  Robert  E.  Speer,  pp.  91-95. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


37 


with  its  five  widely  isolated  stations.  The  Kansas  City 
Gospel  Union  has  three  missionaries  on  the  western  coast. 
The  British  and  Foreign  and  the  American  Bible  Societies 
co-operate  heartily  with  the  missionaries,  and  their  colpor- 
teurs go  into  many  regions  imreached  by  others. 

Progress  is  hindered  by  the  great  distances  and  the  ex- 
treme difficulty  of  communication.  Of  our  five  stations,  no 
two  are  within  a week’s  journey  of  each  other.  Each  occu- 
pies a distinct  section  of  the  country,  separated  from  the 
others  by  natural  divisions  and  local  customs. 

The  capital  of  the  country  is  situated  in  the  high 
BOGOTA,  mountain  regions,  at  an  altitude  of  8,000  to  10,000 
feet.  The  trip  from  the  coast  takes  eight  or  ten 
days,  and  is  so  expensive  that  few  ever  go. 

Rev.  Horace  B.  Pratt,  the  first  missionary  sent  to 
Colombia,  reached  Bogota  June  20,  1856.  At  that  time  the 
government  interposed  no  hindrances;  but  the  swarming 
priests  were  prodigal  of  impediments,  and  the  ignorance  of 
the  masses  greatly  retarded  the  circulation  of  the  truth 
through  the  Press.  “He  found  among  the  youth  and  the 
men  no  love  for  the  Church,  but  a widespread  deism;  he 
found  a low  standard  of  morality  everywhere  prevalent,  the 
utter  absence  of  spiritual  life,  and  a resting  only  in  outward 
ceremonials  for  an  inward  preparation  for  the  life  to  come.” 

In  1858  this  mission  was  reinforced  by  Rev.  Samuel  M. 
Sharpe  and  his  wife.  Soon  after  their  arrival,  services  in 
Spanish  were  begun.  This  called  out  bitter  papal  opposition, 
which  was  quelled  by  the  authorities,  and  for  the  time  the 
rights  of  toleration  were  vindicated.  But  the  priests  threat- 
ened all  Catholics  who  should  attend  any  Protestant  services 
with  excommunication  and  all  its  terrible  consequences. 
About  this  time  a night  school,  a Sunday  school  and  a Bible 
class  were  opened. 

In  i860  Mr.  Pratt  returned  to  the  United  States  to  aid 
in  the  revision  of  the  New  Testament  in  Spanish. 

During  his  absence  the  Rev.  W.  E.  McLaren  and  his  wife 
joined  the  mission,  and  had  scarcely  reached  Bogota  before 
Mr.  Sharpe  was  taken  ill,  and  soon  after  called  to  his  rest. 
A civil  war  was  raging,  which  greatly  hindered  all  work.  Eor 


38 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


a time  the  Romish  party  held  the  capital;  then  it  was  taken 
by  the  Liberal  party,  the  Jesuits  were  banished,  monastic 
orders  restricted,  and  other  means  taken  to  reduce  the  politi- 
cal power  of  the  papal  party. 

A church  was  organized  in  i86i,  with  six  members.  A 
girls’  school  was  opened  in  1869. 

The  climate  of  Bogota  is  extremely  trying,  and  the  mis- 
sion suffered  greatly  from  the  impossibility  of  maintaining 
an  adequate  staff  of  workers.  Yet  the  church  and  school 
grew  slow'ly,  in  spite  of  discouragements.  The  bitter  opposi- 
tion of  the  priests  was  less  harmful  than  the  apathy  and  irre- 
ligion  of  the  people.  The  intelligent  classes  are  largely 
indifferent  or  skeptical:  the  poorer  people  appallingly  igno- 
rant. It  is  not  unusual  for  men  to  come  asking  the  mission- 
ary to  buy  their  souls  for  money,  which  the  priests  tell  them 
he  is  commissioned  by  the  devil  to  do. 

From  1899  to  1902,  the  country  was  devastated  by  civil 
war.  Bogota  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  government 
forces,  so  that  no  personal  danger  was  feared  by  the  mission- 
aries: but  the  popular  excitement  and  the  augmented  distrust 
of  foreigners,  and  especially  of  Protestants,  required  the 
utmost  caution  in  working.  Communication  rvith  the  coast 
Avas  almost  cut  off.  The  currency  became  incredibly  depre- 
ciated, and  the  consequent  high  prices  and  scarcity  of  food 
reduced  the  poor  to  literal  starvation.  Yet  the  church  ser- 
vices were  kept  up  and  all  the  help  and  comfort  possible  given 
to  the  poor  people.  The  secession  of  Panama  in  1903  and 
its  prompt  recognition  by  the  United  States  aroused  a strong 
feeling  against  Americans,  which  for  a time  rendered  the 
position  of  the  missionaries  very  difficult.  But  by  kindliness 
and  tact  they  retained  the  good  will  of  the  people,  and  the 
crisis  passed  over  without  serious  consequences. 

ScJwols. — In  all  Roman  Catholic  countries,  the  school 
work  is  one  of  the  best  missionary  agencies.  In  Colombia 
there  is  especial  need  for  schools  of  high  standard  and  thor- 
ough equipment,  because  both  the  government  schools  and 
those  under  control  of  the  Roman  Church  are  of  a very  lorv 
order.  There  are  no  normal  schools  for  the  training  of 
teachers,  and  no  real  attempt  to  provide  primary  education 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


39 


for  the  people.  The  history  of  our  schools,  which  have  sur- 
vived and  grown  through  all  the  vicissitudes  of  civil  war  and 
political  disturbance,  in  spite  of  insufficient  support  and  an 
inadequate  teaching  staff,  shows  that  the  people  will  respond 
to  an  earnest  effort  for  their  children’s  good.  The  girls’ 
school,  begun  in  1869,  was  successively  under  the  charge  of 
Miss  McFarren,  Airs.  Caldwell  and  iMiss  Franks  (Airs.  Ladd). 
After  the  marriage  of  the  latter,  the  boarding  department  was 
closed  for  a time.  The  day-school  was  efficiently  carried  on 
by  Aliss  Pradilla,  one  of  the  graduates.  The  boarding-school 
was  reopened  in  1893  under  Aliss  Hunter,  who  was  succeded 
by  Aliss  Xevegold  (Airs.  AI.  W.  Graham),  Aliss  Riley  and 
Aliss  Scott,  and  was  fairly  prosperous  until  interrupted  by  the 
war.  Since  then  it  has  been  faithfully  maintained  through 
obstacles  of  every  sort,  though  with  varying  numbers.  It  is 
now  superintended  by  Aliss  Leila  W.  Ouinby.  There  are  fifty 
boarders,  and  a large  number  of  day  pupils.  The  school 
building  is  an  old  convent  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Concepcion, 
well  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 

A school  for  boys  was  opened  in  1890  by  Air.  Caldwell 
and  Air.  Allies.  This  was  the  signal  for  furious  opposition 
from  the  priests,  who  know  well  that  the  future  belongs  to 
those  who  gain  the  boys.  But  their  efforts  have  not  prevented 
the  success  of  the  school,  though  it  has  had  to  fight  for  its  life 
continually.  It  has  a large  and  comfortable  building,  with  a 
fine  playground.  At  one  time  there  were  200  boys,  but  the 
years  of  civil  war  and  the  subsequent  disturbances  greatly 
reduced  the  attendance.  The  present  numbers  are  as  large 
as  can  be  comfortably  accommodated. 

A monthly  paper  in  Spanish,  El  Evangelista  Cristiano,  is 
largely  circulated  through  the  Republic. 

Barranciuilla  is  the  chief  commercial  centre 
BARRANQUILLA.  of  Colombia,  lying  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Alagdalena  River,  which  is  to  Colombia 
what  the  Nile  is  to  Egypt.  It  has  40,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
growing  vigorously.  There  is  a line  of  steamers  direct  to 
New  York.  The  large  foreign  population  creates  a freer 
atmosphere  than  in  the  inland  towns,  but  there  is  more  than 
the  usual  license  and  immorality  of  a seaport. 


40 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Work  was  begun  here  in  1888  by  Rev.  T.  H.  Candor  and 
Mrs.  Candor,  who  brought  to  their  new  station  the  experience 
of  six  years  of  efficient  labor  in  Bogota.  They  were  assisted 
by  the  kindness  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Erwin,  an  Englishman,  whose 
school  for  boys  was  for  more  than  twenty  years  a centre  of 
Christian  influence  in  Barranquilla.  A church  was  organized 
and  a Sunday  school  established. 

In  1891,  Rev.  T.  S.  Pond,  formerly  of  Syria,  arrived  in 
Barranquilla.  Mrs.  Pond  joined  him  after  a year,  but  was 
unable  to  endure  the  climate  and  returned  to  the  ETiited 
States  in  1894. 

The  climate  of  Barranquilla  is  very  warm  and  exception- 
ally trying  to  foreigners.  Of  nine  new  missionaries  sent  out 
between  1895  and  1899,  only  Rev.  W.  S.  Lee  and  Mrs.  Lee 
and  Miss  Buxton  were  able  to  remain.  In  1907-1908,  Rev. 
M.  W.  Graham  and  Mrs.  Graham  had  charge  of  the  church 
and  the  city  work,  but  since  their  departure  the  whole  bur- 
den of  the  station,  including  the  two  large  schools,  has  been 
borne  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lee,  Miss  Scott  and  Miss  Quimby, 
with  the  assistance  of  two  faithful  Colombian  elders.  The 
services  are  largely  attended,  so  that  the  building  has  been 
recently  enlarged,  and  there  is  no  limit  to  the  opportunity  if 
only  the  number  of  workers  were  adequate  to  it. 

Schools. — A day-school  for  girls  was  opened  by  IMrs. 
Candor  in  1888.  After  two  years  a boarding-school  was 
called  for,  and  Mrs.  Ladd  (Miss  Pranks)  came  from  Bogota 
to  take  charge  of  it.  Lender  her  faithful  care,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  iMisses  Hunter,  Smith  and  Buxton,  it  developed  into 
a flourishing  school  of  high  character,  which  maintained  itself 
even  during  the  disturbed  years  of  the  war,  and  is  greatly 
esteemed  in  the  community.  . There  are  now  more  than  100 
girls  under  the  charge  of  Miss  Hunter  and  iMiss  jMorrow. 

]\Ir.  Pond  taught  for  a time  a small  school  for  boys  in 
connection  with  the  mission.  After  his  departure  and  iMr. 
Erwin's  death,  there  were  many  requests  from  parents  for  a 
bovs’  boarding-school.  It  was  opened  in  Pebruary,  1899. 
under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Story  and  Miss  Hunter,  with  a 
registration  of  loi  boys.  During  the  disturbances  of  1900  no 
suitable  building  could  be  obtained  except  at  an  exorbitant 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.  41 

rent,  and  it  became  necessary  to  close  the  school.  In  the 
spring  of  1901  it  was  reopened  with  104  boys  under  the  care 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lee  in  the  only  building  available.  This  was 
on  low  ground,  and  two  extraordinary  floods  during  the  rainy 
season  made  it  almost  uninhabitable.  The  need  for  suitable 
buildings  became  so  pressing  that  Mr.  Lee  made  a vigorous 
efifort  and  secured  from  friends  in  Barranquilla  and  elsewhere 
funds  to  put  up  a good  building.  The  ecclesiastical  authorities 
straightway  persuaded  the  governor  to  refuse  a permit  for 
the  reopening  of  the  school,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  con- 
trolled by  foreigners  and  Protestants.  After  the  loss  of  sev- 
eral months,  permission  was  finally  secured  by  the  intervention 
of  the  United  States  Consul.  The  school  is  the  largest  in  the 
city  in  spite  of  constant  opposition. 

At  Cartagena,  the  seaport,  a Colombian  evangelist  opened 
services,  and  gathered  a congregation  of  over  fifty  communi- 
cants, almost  all  of  them  Negroes.  Miss  Jessie  Scott,  of  the 
Barranquilla  Mission,  assisted  in  the  work,  and  built  up  a 
flourishing  day-school  before  her  failing  health  obliged  her 
to  leave. 

Medellin  is  an  important  city,  the  second  in 
MEDELLIN,  size  and  wealth  in  Colombia,  and  the  centre  of 
the  gold  mining  region!  The  work  here  was 
begun  by  Rev.  J.  G.  Touzeau  and  Mrs.  Touzeau  in  1889. 
During  their  stay  a congregation  was  gathered  and  a church 
organized,  an  excellent  day-school  carried  on  and  much 
evangelistic  work  done.  They  were  compelled  to  leave  by 
failure  of  health  in  1907.  The  little  church  maintained  its 
services,  and  in  1911  the  prayers  of  the  faithful  members  were 
answered  by  the  coming  of  Rev.  T.  E.  Barber  and  Mrs.  Bar- 
ber, and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  E.  Warren.  Mr.  Barber  has  been 
able  to  itinerate  extensively  in  the  province,  and  was  w'ell 
received  in  the  chief  towns.  An  out-station  was  established 
at  Antioquia. 

The  mountain  region  north  o.f  Bogota  is 
BUCARAMANGA.  very  much  isolated,  and  extremely  difficult 
of  access.  In  1911  Rev.  C.  E.  Williams 
and  Mrs.  Williams  w’ere  appointed  to  Bucaramanga,  the 
capital  of  the  province,  an  inqiortant  city  of  72,000  inhabitants. 


4^ 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Ihe  journey  of  200  miles  from  .Bogota  must  be  made  mostly 
on  horseback.  j\Irs.  Williams  says: 

Two  nights  we  were  obliged  to  sleep  out  on  the  hillside,  and  a 

third  on  the  floor  of  an  Indian  hut The  city  is  larger  than  we 

supposed.  Living  is  much  higher  than  in  Bogota.  Milk  is  twelve  cents 
a bottle.  Flour  comes  from  the  United  States.  Even  the  water  has 
to  be  brought  on  burro-back,  and  enough  for  a bath  costs  fifteen  cents. 
The  city  is  very  unsanitary,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  why  so  many  funerals 
take  place  every  day.  There  is  no  sewer,  of  course,  and  no  collection 
of  garbage,  as  in  Bogota.  But  there  is  no  such  poverty^  here  as  e.xists 
in  the  capital  city.” 

The  only  house  obtainable  was  unsanitary  and  badly 
located.  Religious  services  were  begun  and  a school  started. 
After  three  years  of  heroic  labor  a good  foothold  seemed  to 
be  gained,  but  the  health  of  both  missionaries  was  so  impaired 
that  a furlough  was  imperative.  Funds  have  been  given  to 
provide  a suitable  residence  for  them  on  their  return. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Sinn  River,  about  twenty-four 
CERETE.  hours  by  boat  from  Cartagena,  an  American,  Mr. 

Horace  C.  Coleman,  has  large  plantations  and 
cattle  ranches,  employing  great  numbers  of  Colombians. 
His  interest  in  their  welfare  and  that  of  the  people  in  the 
valley  led  him  to  secure  the  services  of  Rev.  and  Mrs.  John 
L.  Jarrett  as  missionaries  among  them.  In  1912  Mr.  Cole- 
man proposed  to  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  that  they 
should  take  over  this  work,  under  the  name  of  Cepete  Station, 
promising  to  be  responsible  for  its  entire  cost.  It  reaches  a 
scattered  country  population,  very  illiterate  and  without  any 
Christian  teaching.  The  door  is  open  for  every  kind  of 
Christian  work,  and  there  is  no  serious  opposition.  Services 
are  now  held  in  four  places,  and  everything  is  prepared  to 
build  a church  in  Cerete. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


43 


Venezuela 


Venezuela,  although  nearly  equal  in  area  to  Germany. 
France  and  Spain  combined,  consists  largely  of  unexplored 
plains  and  uplands,  inhabited  only  by  nomad  trilies.  The 
population,  mostly  concentrated  in  the  highlands  near  the 
Caribbean  coast,  is  estimated  at  about  2,700,000,  including 
326,000  pure  Indians.  Endowed  with  a delightful  climate 
and  unbounded  natural  resources,  this  Republic  needs  more 
than  words  can  express,  a new  principle  of  life,  which  can 
come  only  through  the  knowledge  of  the  truth  that  gives  real 
freedom.  Our  own  Church,  with  six  missionaries,  is  the  only 
organized  representative  there  of  evangelical  Christianity. 

The  following  paragraphs  are  summarized  from  the 
reports  of  the  Panama  Conference,  1916: 

“A  population  one-third  that  of  Loiidon  is  distril:>uted  over  a region 
three  times  larger  than  the  British  Isles.  Besides  the  work  of  the 
Bible  Societies,  the  Scandinavian  Alliance  Mission  in  Maracaibo,  one 
Presbyterian  Station  (Caracas)  with  a small  force,  and  three  small 
groups  of  independents,  represent  the  sum  total  of  Protestant  religious 
work.  Intermittently  German  Lutherans  have  the  attention  of  a pastor 
to  officiate  at  baptisms,  deaths  and  marriages.  The  Anglicans  have  a 
chapel  in  a house  in  Caracas,  and  a rector  ministering  to  English  subjects 
of  all  colors  and  classes,  and  another  clergyman  at  El  Callao  in  the 
Orinoco.  In  all  the  history  of  this  land,  there  was  never  built  at 
public  or  private  expense  one  school  house  of  any  grade,  except  the 
Military  Academy. 

“One-fourth  of  the  children  die  under  two  years  old,  another 
fourth  do  not  reach  the  age  of  five.  There  are  absolutely  no  trained 
nurses  in  the  country. 

“One  of  the  smaller  agencies  has  a chapel.  The  Presbyterians  have 
a church  building  in  Caracas,  but  no  school  houses,  no  boarding-school, 
no  press,  no  clinic.  They  have  five  Venezuelan  helpers  and  a training 
class  of  two.” 


Occupied  1897;  as  a station,  1912.  Early  in  1897 
CARACAS.  Rev.  T.  S.  Pond  and  Mrs.  Pond  were  transferred 
from  Barranquilla  to  open  a tentative  work  in 
Caracas,  a city  of  72,000  people.  The  field  was  unoccupied 
by  any  regular  mission,  though  evangelical  services  were 


44 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


more  or  less  regularly  held  by  the  agent  of  the  American 
Mible  Society,  while  for  two  months  Sr.  Ferrando,  formerly 
a Capuchin  monk,  had  held  Bible  classes  in  his  own  house. 
'I'he  scattered  members  of  a disbanded  church  organization, 
once  under  the  care  of  the  Methodist  Board  (South)  warmly 
welcomed  the  new  missionaries. 

Caracas  is  a beautiful  city,  situated  in  the  mountains, 
2,900  feet  above  the  sea,  with  a remarkably  pleasant  and 
healthful  climate.  It  is  two  miles  in  a straight  line  from  La 
Guayra,  the  seaport,  and  is  reached  by  a circuitous  railroad, 
twenty-three  miles  in  length.  There  are  the  usual  difficulties 
incident  to  ungodliness  and  Romanism;  yet  the  moral  atmos- 
phere is  no  worse  than  that  of  most  South  American  cities, 
while  constant  communication  with  North  America  and 
Europe  has  brought  some  degree  of  enlightenment  and 
liberality.  The  rights  of  free  speech,  free  assembly  and  free 
press  make  the  work  of  preaching  and  publishing  more  en- 
couraging than  in  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru  and  Bolivia. 
Moreover,  the  Protestant  labors  under  no  civil  disability  as 
in  those  States.  The  great  obstacle  of  ecclesiastical  marriage 
is  wholly  absent,  civil  marriage  being  recognized  by  the  law. 
There  is  no  separate  or  consecrated  cemetery,  all  having  the 
rights  of  burial  in  the  same  plot.  Plence  the  native  Christian 
is  not  hindered  at  every  step  as  in  Colombia. 

The  chief  external  difficulties  encountered  have  been  the 
long-continued  disturbances  of  civil  war  and  political  strife, 
with  the  resulting  poverty  and  suffering,  and  the  recurring 
epidemics  of  vellow  fever  and  bubonic  plague,  putting  a stop 
to  trade  and  industry. 

The  moral  and  intellectual  needs  of  the  country  can 
hardly  be  exaggerated.  There  is  not  a common  school  build- 
ing in  the  land.  The  public  schools  are  held  in  private  houses : 
any  person,  no  matter  how  incompetent,  who  can  provide  a 
room  and  produce  a list  of  thirty  pupils,  can  become  a teacher. 
But  in  case  of  a revolution  or  a depleted  treasury,  these 
schools  are  closed.  Only  one-third  of  the  people  can  read, 
much  less  write. 

The  ignorance  of  sanitary  matters  is  no  less  dense. 
.\ccording  to  the  rector  of  Caracas  University,  the  mortality 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.  45 

of  Venezuela  is  above  the  maximum  of  civilized  States,  and 
the  birth-rate  falls  below  the  lowest.  More  than  two-thirds 
of  the  children  born  are  illegitimate. 

The  saddest  feature  of  all  is  that  many  priests  of  the 
Roman  Church,  who  ought  to  be  the  leaders  in  righteousness, 
are  a by-word  among  the  people  for  their  evil  lives  and 
mercenary  spirit. 

A church  was  organized  in  1900.  Great  difificulty  was 
experienced  in  finding  a place  to  hold  the  services.  Six  times 
within  a few  years  the  little  congregation  was  forced  to  move, 
and  the  search  for  a chapel  room  seemed  hopeless.  In  1912 
the  hopes  of  years  were  crowned  by  the  dedication  of  a beau- 
tiful church  building,  with  a sweet-toned  bell.  The  same  year 
Rev.  F.  F.  Barley  and  Mrs.  Barley  joined  the  mission,  and 
in  1916  Rev.  M.  A.  Chappel  and  Mrs.  Chappel  were  added 
to  the  force. 

A property  purchased  by  the  Woman’s  Boards  of  Phila- 
delphia and  New  York  in  1916  provides  residences  for  the 
missionary  families.  A day-school  for  children,  begun  in 
1900,  has  developed  into  the  Colegio  Americano,  a high 
school  for  girls  and  young  women.  There  is  great  need  for 
a good  school  for  boys.  An  industrial  class  for  women,  man- 
aged by  Mrs.  Pond,  has  kept  many  families  from  sore  distress. 

The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  has  an  agent  in 
Caracas,  and  is  pushing  its  work  in  every  direction.  In  many 
villages  the  residents  have  never  seen  a Bible,  and  are  quite 
ignorant  of  its  contents.  In  spite  of  steady  opposition,  the 
sale  of  the  Scriptures  has  increased  fifty  per  cent,  in  the  last 
few  years. 


STATISTICS,  1917. 


6 

Churches  and  Groups 

. . ; 2 

22s 

Pupils  in  Sunday  Schools 

Pupils  in  Day  Schools 

78 

46 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


The  Congress  on  Christian  Work 
in  Latin  America 

The  scope  of  the  World  Missionary  Conference  held  at 
Edinburgh  in  1900  did  not  permit  the  consideration  of  the 
problems  of  South  America.  Those  delegates  most  inter- 
ested in  that  continent  met  together  and  agreed  that  a special 
conference  should  be  held  to  consider  its  claims.  At  subse- 
quent meetings  held  in  New  York  in  1913-1914,  representing 
practically  every  missionary  agency  at  work  in  Latin  America, 
it  was  decided  to  hold  such  a conference  at  Panama,  February 
10-20,  1916,  followed  by  regional  conferences  in  all  parts  of 
the  continent. 

Most  careful  and  exhaustive  efforts  were  made  during 
the  intervening  time  to  secure  the  presence  of  representative 
men  from  all  parts  of  the  field,  and  to  prepare  the  subjects 
to  be  brought  before  them.  Eight  commissions  were 
appointed  to  bring  in  full  reports  on  the  various  branches  of 
mission  work  for  consideration  by  the  Congress.  The  follow- 
ing invitation  was  adopted  and  sent  to  leaders  of  the  different 
churches,  including  the  Roman  Catholic: 

“All  communions  or  organizations  which  accept  Jesus 
Christ  as  Divine  Saviour  and  Lord,  and  the  Holy  Scriptures 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  as  the  revealed  Word  of 
God,  and  whose  purpose  is  to  make  the  will  of  Christ  prevail 
in  Latin  America,  are  cordially  invited  to  participate  in  the 
Panama  Congress,  and  will  be  heartily  welcomed.” 

In  response  to  this  in^dtation,  more  than  three  hundred 
delegates  and  official  visitors  from  twenty-one  different 
nations,  met  together,  and  for  ten  days  devoted  themselves 
to  the  study  of  the  religious  problems  of  Latin  America.  A 
remarkable  spirit  of  unity  and  harmony  pervaded  all  the  pro- 
ceedings. “In  the  vast  amount  of  information  imparted,  in 
the  zeal,  earnestness  and  consecration  manifested  by  all  who 
had  part  in  the  proceedings,  and  .in  the  breadth  of  its  plans 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


47 


for  Christian  work  in  Latin  America,  the  Panama  Congress 
marks  an  era  in  the  history  of  evangelical  Christianity.” 

A series  of  Regional  Congresses  followed  the  Congress 
at  Panama.  Of  these,  the  ones  at  which  Presbyterian  work 
was  especially  considered  were  those  at  Santiago,  Barranquilla 
and  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

The  reports  of  the  Congress,  published  in  five  volumes, 
give  a vivid  idea  of  the  immense  task  lying  before  those 
“whose  purpose  it  is  to  make  the  will  of  Christ  prevail  in  Latin 
America.” 


48 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


MISSIONARIES  IN  BRAZIL,  1859-1917. 


Died.  Figures,  Term  of  Service  in  the  Field. 


Anderson,  Rev.  H.  C.,  1910 
-Anderson,  Mrs.,  1910 

Bickerstaph,  Rev.  G.  L.,  1894 
Bickerstaph,  Mrs.,  1894 
Bi.xler,  Rev.  C.  E.,  1896 

Bixler,  Mrs.,  1899 

■^Blackford,  Rev.  A.  L.. 

1860-1876'  1880-1890 
^Blackford,  Mrs.,  1860-1876 

Blackford,  Mrs.,  1881-1891 

Cameron,  Rev.  J.  B.,  1881-1883 

Cameron,  Mrs.,  1881-1883 

Carriel,  Rev.  C.  A.,  1911-1917 

Carriel,  Mrs.,  1911-1917 

Carrington,  Rev.  W.  A.,  1890-1892 
'A'arrington,  Mrs.,  1890-1891 

^Chamberlain,  Rev.G.W..  1866-1902 
Chamberlain,  iMrs.,  1868-1904 
Chamberlain,  Miss  M.,  1876-1879 
Chamberlain,  Rev.  P.A.,  1899-1908 
' Chamberlain.  Airs.,  1901-1908 
Cory,  Miss  E.,  1905-1908 

Da  Gama,  Rev.  J.  F.,  1870-1891 

Da  Gama,  Airs.,  1870-1891 

Da  Gama,  Aliss  Eva,  1876-1895 
Dascomb,  Afiss  AI.  P., 

1869-1876;  1880 

Eells,  Air.  B.  G.,  1905-1908 

Eells,  Airs.,  1905-1908 

Finley,  Rev.  \V  E.,  1889-1907 

Finley,  Airs.,  1892-1907 

Graham,  Rev.  F.  F.,  1910 

llallock.  Airs.  W.  H.,  1914 

Hazlett,  Rev.  D.  AI.,  1875-1880 

Hazlett,  Airs.,  1875-1880 

Hough,  Aliss  Clara  E.,  18^-1902 


Kyle,  Rev.  J.  AI., 

Kyle,  Airs., 

Landes,  Rev.  G.  A., 

Landes,  Airs., 

Landes,  Rev.  Philip, 

Landes,  Airs., 

*Lane,  H.  AL,  AI.  D.. 

Lenington,  Rev.  R., 

Lenington,  Airs., 

Lenington,  Rev.  R.  E., 

Lenington,  Airs., 

Lenington,  Aliss  E., 

AIcCall,  Rev.  H.  J., 

AIcCall,  Airs.  (Aliss 
Axtell), 

AIcCIeinents,  Rev.  A.  F., 
AIcCIements,  Airs., 

AIcKee,  Rev.  H.  \V., 

AIcKee,  Airs., 

AIcLaren,  Rev.  D., 

AlcPherson,  Aliss  Belle, 

1901-1910;  1912 
Alidkiff,  Air.  H.  P.,  1911 

Alidkiff,  Airs.,  igii 

Alitchell,  Aliss  E.  J.,  1902-1910 

*Pinkerton,  Rev.  E.  N.,  1891-1892 
Pinkerton,  Airs.,  1891-1892 

*Perkins,  Rev.  F.  J.,  1891-1895 

Perkins,  Airs.,  1892-1895 

Pires,  Rev.  E.  N.,  1866-1869 

Porter,  Rev.  T.  J., 

1889-1896;  1907 
Porter,  Airs.,  1889-1896;  1907 
Reese,  Rev.  A.,  1909 

Reese,  Airs.,  1909 

Rodgers,  Rev.  J.  B.,  1889-1899 

Rodgers,  Airs.,  1889-1899 


1882-1909 

1882-1909 

1880 

1880 

1912 

1915 

1885-1912 

1868-1886 

1868-1886 

1896 

18^ 

1903-1912 

1902 

1899 

1914 

1914 

1867-1870 

1867-1870 

1885-1889 


1875-1885; 

1900-1902 

Salley,  Rev.  A.  C., 

1910 

diouston.  Airs., 

1875-1881 

Salley,  Airs., 

1910 

Houston,  Airs.  (Aliss  S. 

Schneider,  Rev.  F.  J., 

.A  Dale,  1881), 

1883-1891 

1861-1877 ; 

1886-1890 

Howell,  Rev.  J.  B., 

1873-1890 

Schneider,  Airs., 

1861-1877 

Howell,  Airs., 

1877-1890 

Scott,  Aliss  AI.  K., 

1891-1915 

Jayne,  Aliss  C.  L., 

1913 

Short,  Rev.  E.  C., 

1915-1916 

Johnson,  Rev.  W.  G., 

1907-1909 

Short,  Airs., 

1915-1916 

Koll),  Rev.  J.  B., 

1884 

*Simonton,  Rev.  A.  G., 

1859-1867 

Kolb,  Airs.  (Miss  Gas- 

••^Simonton, Airs.  Helen, 

1863-1864 

ton,  1883), 

1884 

Stoner,  Aliss  Jean, 

1916 

Kuhl,  Aliss  Ella, 

1874 

*Thomas,  Aliss  P.  R., 

1877-1890 

THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


49 


Van  Orden,  Rev.  E.,  1872-1876 

Van  Orden,  Mrs.,  1872-1876 

V'addell,  Rev.  W.  A.,  1890 

*\\'addell,  Mrs.  (Aliss 

J\I.  Lenington),  1891-1893 


Waddell,  Mrs.  (Miss  L. 

Chamberlain,  1893),  1897 
Williamson,  Miss  E.  R.,  1890 
Wood,  W.  W.,  M.  D.,  1916 
Wood,  Mrs.,  1916 


MISSIONARIES  IN  CHILE,  1873-1917. 


* Died.  Figures,  Term  of  Service  in  the  Field. 


*Allis,  Rev.  J.  Til.,  D.D.,  1884-1899 

Allis,  Mrs.,  1884-1899 

Beatty,  Miss  M.  A.,  1912 

Beatty,  Aliss  Cora,  1913 

Boomer,  Rev.  Whn.  B.,  1887 

Boomer,  Mrs.,  1887 

Browning,  Rev.  W.  E., 

Ph.D.,  1896 

Browning,  Airs.,  i8g6 

Cameron,  Rev,  D.,  1884-1886 

tChristen,  Rev.  S.  J.,  1873-1897 

tChristen,  Airs.,  1871-1897 

Curtiss,  Rev.  S.  W.,  1875-1886 

Curtiss,  Airs.,  1875-1886 

Dodge,  Rev.  W.  E.,  1883-1893 

Dodge,  Airs.,  1885-1893 

Edwards,  Rev.  D.  R.,  1913 

Edwards,  Airs.,  1913 

Elmore,  Rev.  R.  B.,  1908 

Elmore,  Airs.,  igo8 

Garvin,  Rev.  J.  F.,  1884 

Garvin,  Airs.,  1884 

t*Gilbert,  Rev.  N.  P.,  1861-1871 

t*Ibanez-Guzman,  Rev. 

J.  AL,  1872-1875 

Jarvis,  Aliss  AI.  D.,  1910-1912 

Lester,  Rev.  W.  H., 

1882-1895;  1900 

*Lester,  Airs.,  1883-1884 


Lester,  Airs.,  1886-1895  ; 1900 
*Lowe,  Rev.  E.  A.,  1^2-1900 

Lowe,  Airs.,  1895-1900 

AIcLean,  Rev.  Eneas,  1878-1883 
AIcLean,  Airs.,  1878-1883 

AIcLean,  Rev.  Robert,  1877-1883 
AIcLean,  Airs.,  1877-1883 

AIcLean,  Rev.  J.  H.,  1906 

AIcLean,  Airs.,  1906 

tAIerwin,  Rev.  A.  AL,  1866-1886 
fAIerwin,  Airs.,  1866-1886 

Robinson,  Rev.  W.  H.,  1887-1895 
Robinson,  Airs.,  1887-1895 

tSayre,  Rev.  S.,  1866-1877 

*Sayre,  Airs., 

Schmalhorst,  Rev.W.L.,  1896-1904 
Schmalhorst,  Airs.,  1898-1904 
Smith,  Rev.  J.  S.,’  1903 

Smith,  Airs.,  1903 

Smith,  Aliss  F.  E.,  1903 

Spining,  Rev.  C.  AI.,  1895 
Spilling,  Airs.,  1895 

Strout,  Aliss  Alyra  H.,  1884-1886 
Thompson,  Rev.  J.  AL,  1885-1886 
t*Trumbull,  Rev.  D.,  1846-1889 

t*Trumbull,  Airs.,  1846-1893 

Wilson,  Rev.  J.  C.,  1890-1898 

Wilson,  Airs.,  1890-1898 


f Transferred  from  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union. 


MISSIONARIES  IN  COLOMBIA,  1856-1917. 

* Died.  Figures,  Term  of  Service  in  the  Field. 


Allan,  Rev.  A.  AL, 
Allan,  Airs., 

Austin,  Rev.  E.  C., 
Austin,  Airs., 

Barber,  Rev.  Thos.  E., 


1910 

1910 

1915-1916 

1915-1916 

1910 


Earlier,  Airs.  (Miss 
1.  Towle), 

Birtchet,  Rev.  G.  C., 
Birtchet,  Airs., 
Blinka,  Aliss  j.. 


1910 

1916 

1916 

1903-1904 


50 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Blue',  Rev.  R.  J., 

Blue,  Airs., 

Buxton,  Aliss  E.  W., 
Cahill,  ATiss  E.  (Airs. 

R.  W.  Fenn), 
Caldwell,  Rev.  AI.  E., 
Caldwell,  Airs., 

Candor,  Rev.  T.  H., 
Candor,  Airs.,  (Aliss  AI. 

Ramsey,  1880), 
Cruickshank,  Air.  J.  H., 
Cruickshank,  Airs., 
Douglass,  Rev.  C.  A., 
Douglass,  Airs., 
*Findlay,  Prof.  W.  W., 
Graham,  Rev.  AI.  AV., 
Graham,  Airs.  (Aliss 
Nevegold), 

Hastings,  Aliss  L., 
Hoogstraat,  Aliss  C.  A^., 
Hunter,  Aliss  AI.  B., 

1892-1904; 
Jarrett,  Rev.  J.  L., 
Jarrett,  Airs., 

Ladd,  Mrs.  E.  H.  (Aliss 
Franks), 

Lee,  Rev.  AV.  S., 

Lee,  Airs., 

Alacintosh,  Aliss  E.  E, 
AIcFarren,  Aliss  Kate, 
AlcLaren,  Rev.  AAhn.  E 
AIcLaren,  Airs., 

Aleeker,  Rev.  AAA  C., 


I9II-I9I3 

Aleeker,  Airs., 

1905-1907 

I9II-I9I3 

Aides,  Rev.  A.  R., 

1890-1903 

1899 

Aides,  Airs., 

18^-1903 

Alontgomery,  Rev.D.C., 

1895-1898 

1890-1892 

Alontgomery,  Airs., 

1895-1898 

1880-1894 

Alorrow,  Aliss  J.  R., 

1915 

1880-1894 

Pitkin,  Rev.  P.  H., 

1866-1872 

1882 

Pitkin,  Airs., 

1866-1872 

Pond,  Rev.  T.  S., 

1890-1897 

1884 

Pond,  'Airs., 

1890-1897 

I9II 

Pratt,  Rev.  Horace  B., 

1856-1860 

I9II 

Quinliy,  Aliss  L.  AAA, 

1907 

1915 

*Ramsey,  Aliss  A.  C., 

188^1889 

1915 

Riley,  Aliss  C.  J., 

1893-1904 

1889-1889 

*Scott,  Aliss  Jessie, 

1896-1915 

1894-1907 

*Sharpe,  Rev.  S.  AL, 

1858-1860 

Sharpe,  Airs.  Alartha, 

1858-1860 

1893-1907 

Sharp,  Rev.  Alexander, 

18^-1902 

1904-1907 

Sharp,  Airs., 

1899-1902 

1916 

Smith,  Aliss  F.  E., 

1895-1899 

Stor39  Rev.  Alfred  L., 

1902-1903 

1910 

Touzeau,  Rev.  J.  G., 

1886-1907 

1912 

Touzeau,  Airs., 

1886-1907 

1912 

AA'alker,  Rev.  R.  AAA, 

1904-1906 

AA'^allace,  Rev.  T.  F., 

1862-1875 

1883-1904 

AVallace,  Airs., 

1862-1875 

1898 

AVeaver,  Rev.  AAA, 

1874-1880 

1898 

AA'eaver,  Airs., 

1874-1880 

1886-1888 

Warren,  Air.  C.  E., 

1910 

1869-1883 

AA'arren,  Airs.  (Aliss  AI 

1860-1863 

L.  Freeman,  1904), 

1910 

1860-1863 

AA^illiams,  Rev.  C.  S., 

1907 

1905-1907 

AA'illiams,  Airs., 

1907 

MISSIONARIES  IN  VENEZUELA,  1897-1917. 


Chappel,  Rev.  AI.  A., 

1916 

Darley,  Airs., 

1912 

Chappel,  Airs., 

1916 

Pond,  Rev.  T.  S., 

1897 

Darley,  Rev.  F.  F., 

1912 

Pond,  Airs., 

1897 

THE  MISSIONS  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


51 


BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

Around  and  About  South  America.  F.  Vincent.  1908. 

A Summer  Journey  to  Brazil.  A.  R.  Humphry s.  1900. 

Brazil  and  the  Brazilians.  Fletcher  and  Kidder.  1866. 

Brazil,  the  Amazons  and  the  Coast.  H.  H.  Smith. 

British  Guiana.  Rev.  L.  Crookall.  1898. 

Chile.  G.  F.  Scott-Elliott.  1907. 

Chile.  International  Bureau  of  American  Republics.  1909. 

Latin  America.  Rev.  Hubert  W.  Brown.  1900. 

Makers  of  South  America.  Margarette  Daniels  (young  people).  1916. 
Religious  Liberty  in  South  America.  John  Lee.  1907. 

Reports  of  the  Congress  on  Christian  Work  in  South  America,  1916 
(five  volumes). 

Report  of  a Visit  to  the  -Missions  in  South  America.  Robert  E. 
Speer.  1909. 

South  America;  Its  Missionary  Problems.  Bishop  Thos.  B.  Neely.  1909. 
South  America:  Observations  and  Impressions.  James  Bryce,  Vis- 
count. 1915. 

South  American  Neighbors.  Bishop  Homer  C.  Stuntz. 

South  America:  The  Dark  Continent.  Rev.  E.  Olsson.  1899. 

South  of  Panama.  Edward  A.  Ross.  1912. 

Stanford’s  Compendium  of  Geography  and  Travel.  Volume  1.  South 
America.  1900. 

Story  of  Commander  Allen  Gardiner.  J.  W.  Marsh. 

The  Bil)le  in  Brazil.  H.  C.  Tucker.  1902. 

Tlie  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics.  William  L.  Scruggs.  190S. 
The  Continent  of  Opportunity.  Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark,  D.  D.  1907- 
The  Land  of  the  Golden  ]\lan.  Anita  B.  Ferris  (children).  1916. 

The  -Living  Christ  for  Latin  America.  Rev.  J.  H.  AIcLean.  1916. 

Tlie  Other  Americans.  Arthur  Ruhl.  1908. 

The  South  Americans.  Albert  Hale.  1907. 


\ -j 


♦ ■■ 


X 


' » 


1 


i 

■ ♦ 

i 


I 

I 

H 


